Atributos de la innovación

Due to space constraints, answers may not be given in complete sentences, as student answers should be.

Page 6: Exploring Expository Writing 1. Stratford-Upon-Avon, England; April 23, 1564

2. Answers will vary. Shakespeare led a fascinating life as an actor and writer, eventually becoming someone who many regard as the greatest playwright who ever lived.

3. Answers will vary. Shakespeare had three children: Susanna, and twins Judith and Hamnet. After Hamnet died in 1596, Shakespeare’s grief was evident in his writing.

4. Answers will vary.

5. exactly 52 years after the date of his birth

6. facts; dates, lack of emotional words, written in an informative manner 7. chronological from birth to death; explanations will vary

Page 14: The Sonnet Form

Page 18: Act One Scene Guide

See Teacher’s Guide Summary of the Play Page 19: Act One Comprehension Check Scene One

1. Rome, on a street

2. to celebrate Caesar’s victory over Pompey

3. disgust over their hypocrisy; they were just celebrating Pompey as their leader, now they celebrate Caesar’s victory 4. There is a division between the Romans: some favor Caesar, some fear him. It is the beginning of the Feast of Lupercal.

Marullus and Flavius are not happy about Caesar’s victory: they want to tear down the decorations.

Scene Two

1. touch her; fertility

2. “Beware the Ides of March”; he ignores the warning and dismisses the man

3. concerned, preoccupied; not his usual self; Brutus’s concern for the people of Rome gives Cassius the opportunity to exploit Brutus’s concerns for Cassius’s cause.

4. Answers will vary; Brutus is hesitant and wary and knows the plot is malicious; this foreshadows an unhappy ending for Brutus as it may end up badly for everyone involved.

5. the citizens of Rome

6. Caesar dared Cassius to swim in the turbulent water during a storm; they both jumped in, but Caesar panicked and almost drowned in fear; Cassius saved Caesar from drowning. This shows that Caesar may not be as strong as he portrays, and that Cassius is a strong man who sees Caesar as a weak tyrant.

7. He hesitates and asks that he have some time to think about it.

8. Caesar says Cassius has an evil look about him, and that he reads too much, observes too well, hates going to plays, dislikes music, doesn’t smile and when he does manage to sneak a smile, Caesar believes Cassius is thinking evil thoughts. Caesar does not fear Cassius, however, because Caesar feels that he is untouchable.

9. he is deaf in his left ear

10. Answer will vary. Caesar refused the crown three times in a show of spectacle and pomposity.

11. At first, the men believe it is all a part of Caesar’s “show,” but then it is speculated that Caesar has epilepsy, called the

“falling sickness” at the time. The men make a play on words that the conspirators also have the falling sickness because they are “falling” from their duty and honor towards Caesar.

12. Answer will vary. It is ironic because the men were speaking Greek and Casca knew that they were speaking Greek.

Casca also prefaces his answer with “if I tell you that, I could never look you in the face again,” alluding to the fact that he understood what the men were talking about, but could not reveal it. Casca would have also been aware of the popular Latin saying, and therefore uses it as a pun.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rhyme

13. Cassius doubts that Brutus will join the conspiracy without some prodding. Cassius knows that Caesar and Brutus have always been very close, and that if they do not get Brutus on their side, there could be trouble for the conspirators very soon.

14. He plans to throw letters which will appear to have been written by the Roman citizens, begging Brutus to do something about Caesar.

Scene Three

1. dark, stormy, windy, ominous; it makes the audience feel as if something very bad is about to happen; as the audience, we know that Caesar’s days are numbered and wonder whether Caesar will be assassinated tonight or be spared another day

2. Cassius tells the men that he has spoken to Brutus; now, either Brutus will be on their side, or will turn them in and they will all suffer the consequences; he feels vulnerable and knows that he could very easily die for his treason.

3. Casca knows that the people love Brutus and will listen to him.

4. Cassius tells Cinna to drop the papers from the “citizens” in Brutus’s window. Cassius hopes Brutus will be convinced that the letters are from the citizens, and that Brutus will join the conspiracy.

Pages 20-21: Standards Focus: Setting, Tone, and Mood Answers will vary.

1.

a. Rome, on a street; chariots were used for transportation, telling us it was in ancient times; refers to Pompey who was defeated thousands of years ago

b. condescending, bitter, “preachy,” irritated, disappointed c. anxious, fearful, ashamed

2.

a. on a street in Rome; there is a Soothsayer in the audience; today we might call them fortune-tellers; he refers to the Ides of March, which is an ancient way of saying the 15^th of March

b. exclamatory, warning, omniscient c. tense, ominous, anxious, hesitant 3.

a. same; refers to a mirror or reflection as “glass”

b. pompous, deceitful, malicious, manipulative c. tense, anxious, fearful, hesitant, unsure 4.

a. on the street during a storm; refers to the storm as a tempest; also refers to the “gods,” noting the absence of Christianity

b. tumultuous, shocking, portentous, cruel, chilling, admonishing, malevolent c. apprehensive, fearful, astonished, amazed, afraid, alerted to possible evil 5.

a. on the street during a storm

b. tumultuous, shocking, portentous, admonishing, malevolent c. apprehensive, fearful, astonished, alerted to evil coming in the future Pages 22-23: Assessment Preparation: Word Parts

cogitations exalted fain idle infused lamented mettle portentous prodigies tyrant verb;

cogitate verb; exalt adverb;

fain adj.; idle verb; fuse verb;

lament noun.;

mettle verb;

portend noun; prodigy noun; tyrant to ponder;

grief courage and

fortitude to indicate in advance;

prophetic sign tyrranus;

an absolute

Page 24: Act Two Scene Guide See Teacher’s Guide Summary of the Play Page 25: Act Two Comprehension Check Scene One

1. “That lowliness is young ambition's ladder, / Whereto the climber-upward turns his face; / But when he once attains the upmost round. / He then unto the ladder turns his back, / Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees / By which he did ascend. So Caesar may.” He says that once someone reaches the top of their ambitions, they will scorn and abandon those below him.

2. He compares him to a serpent’s egg; and that he must kill him fast before he is able to cause harm and evil to his own.

3. The Ides of March; the soothsayer warned Caesar about this day

4. Brutus explains that he is caught up in the idea of the action, and the actual commitment of the action. He says men get caught up in this inner struggle which is the worst part of the entire act.

5. the are brothers-in-law (it says “brothers” in the text)

6. he says that their action is their bond, and that words mean nothing

7. they want Cicero because he is old, wise, and influential; they change their minds because they believe Cicero will not follow anything that wasn’t his own idea in the first place

8. Antony

9. there will already be too much bloodshed; he does not want to be “butchers”; they do not see Antony as a threat 10. he plans to flatter him with stories of flattery

11. he is distracted; not sleeping; not himself

12. She insists that she can keep a secret, and that she is strong enough to hear the truth; she gets on her knees and begs to know; she threatens him; she says that if he doesn’t tell her, then he is only using her as his whore, and not a wife 13. She stabs herself in the leg with a knife; answer will vary

Bonus: there were no clocks in ancient times: only sundials; Shakespeare added a clock to this act, which is an anachronism; whether he did this on purpose or it is an error scholars do not know. Have your students discuss the reasons Shakespeare might have done this on purpose (i.e. an obsession with time?)

Scene Two

1. She is having nightmares about Caesar being murdered. “A lioness hath whelped in the streets; / And graves have yawn'd, and yielded up their dead; / Fierce fiery warriors fought upon the clouds, / In ranks and squadrons and right form of war, / Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol; / The noise of battle hurtled in the air, / Horses did neigh, and dying men did groan, / And ghosts did shriek and squeal about the streets.”

2. He insists that if the gods have death in his plan, then that is his fate.

3. They found no heart in the sacrificed animal.

4. Decius tells Caesar that the men will make fun of him if he tells them that he would not leave because of his wife’s dreams.

5. The irony is that these are the men who plan to kill him.

Scene Three

1. Artemidorus wrote the letter, and he plans to give it to Caesar as soon as possible. The letter warns of the assassination plot.

Scene Four

1. She claims that she is not one of those women who cannot keep a secret, but goes and tells everything the moment she can tell what she thinks she knows (even though Brutus has told her nothing at this point).

2. Portia tells Lucius to take a note to Caesar to spy on Caesar’s activities.

3. the Soothsayer; he is on his way to the Capitol to warn Caesar again

Page 26: Character Map

Page 28: Characterization and Character Motivation

Answers will vary

Caesar

“Ye gods, it doth amaze me / A man of such a feeble temper should / So get the start of the majestic world, / And bear the palm alone.” (scene ii, lines

129-132)

“I rather tell thee what is to be feared / That what I fear; for always I am Caesar. Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf, / And tell me truly what

thou think’st of him.” (scene ii, lines 212-215) Caesar is pleased with his new post; he is not above dramatics to make the people beg for his leadership.

He wants to remain as primary ruler, but knows there are others that want to see him stripped of power. His main motivation is to keep ultimate

power.

Cassius

“I do not know the man I should avoid / So soon as that spare Cassius. He reads much, / He is a great observer, and he looks / Quite through the deeds of men. He loves no plays, / As thou dost, Antony; he hears no music. / Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort / As if he mocked himself, and scorned

his spirit / That could be moved to smile at anything.” (scene ii, lines 201-208)

“Were I a common laugher, or did use / To stale with ordinary oaths my love / To every new protester; if

you know / That I do fawn on men and hug them hard, / And after scandal them; or if you know / That

I profess myself in banqueting / to all the rout, then hold me dangerous.” (scene ii, lines 72-78)

Cassius does not want Caesar in power. He is jealous and insists that Caesar is nothing special, and no more deserving of the dictatorship than he or Brutus.

Cassius’s main motivation is to remove Caesar from power. Whether or not he wants the power himself is

not certain, but is implicit throughout Act One.

Antony

“I lack some part / Of that quick spirit that is in Antony.” (scene ii, lines 28-29)

“I shall remember. / When Caesar says, ‘Do this,’ it is performed.” (scene ii, lines 9-10) Antony has few speaking parts in this act. His motivation seems to be as a loyal follower of Caesar,

and to support him.

Casca

“You are dull, Casca, / And those sparks of life that should be in a Roman / You do not? want, or else

you use not.” (scene iii, lines 58-60)

“You speak to Casca, and to such a man / That is no fleering telltale. Hold my hand. / Be factious for redress of all these griefs, / And I will set this foot of

mine as far / As who goes farthest.” (scene iii, lines 118-122)

Casca is on Cassius and Brutus’s side to overthrow Caesar. He wants to see Caesar out of power, and

loyally follows Cassius’s plan.

Lepidus

Trebonius Metellus Cimber Decius Brutus

Caius Ligarius Cinna

Cicero

Flavius, Marullus, Lucius, Volumnius, Lucilius, Pindarus Messala, Varro, Claudius, Clitus, Dardanius, Strato Cinna, the poet

Publius Cicero

Lepidus’s brother Lucius Paullus (unnamed in the play)

Pages 29-30: Vocabulary in Context Answers will vary; sample answers are given

1. I was spurned by my friends when they didn’t invite me to the movies when they were all going.

2. can’t find their way through the school; don’t know anyone 3. wear the same clothes; act like/copy his movements and actions

4. Superman—he can withstand anything and is faster than a speeding bullet 5. stay up late; stay out late; borrow the car; bigger allowance; my own bedroom

6. To me, Huck Finn is a valiant hero because he stood up for what he believed in, even though he knew it was against the law

7. stepping in gum; getting lost; falling in a puddle 8. dark sky, windy, hard rain

9. knows how to listen to his employees in order to make them feel valued; can be manipulative to get what he or she wants

10. laughs a lot; friendly; welcoming; warm 11. fireman, policeman, paramedic, teacher

12. on a dollar bill; in the White House; in an art museum Page 31: Act Three Scene Guide

See Teacher’s Guide Summary of the Play Page 32: Act Three Comprehension Check Scene One

1. Caesar thinks the Soothsayer’s warning is not valid; the Soothsayer reminds him the day is not over yet.

2. He asks Caesar to pardon his brother, who has been banished. Caesar tells him to get up and stop making a fool of himself. Caesar insists that he will not give in and change his mind.

3. And you, Brutus?; betrayed

4. Antony sends a message saying that he will follow Brutus, and that he knows Brutus had good reason for killing Caesar.

When Antony arrives, he pretends he is on their side, and asks to speak at Caesar’s funeral.

5. To speak at Caesar’s funeral.

6. Brutus warns Antony that he must not speak ill of Brutus and Cassius, but must only defend their actions.

7. he vows revenge

8. Antony tells the servant to warn Octavius about everything that has happened and to wait until after Antony speaks at the funeral to come near Rome. He wants to be sure Octavius is safe and that he has turned the people against Brutus and Cassius before his arrival.

Scene Two

1. that he did it for the citizens and love of Rome

2. they are on his side, but they also feel (now that Brutus has explained) that it was Caesar’s time to die before things got out of hand; they want to bury him with honor and build a statue of him

3. he wasn’t there—he left Antony alone 4. Caesar’s will; read the will to them

5. Caesar’s body and all of the stab wounds that were inflicted upon him; they are mortified and furious at the “overkill”.

6. seventy-five drachmas Scene Three

1. he runs into an angry mob

2. he is mistaken as Cinna the conspirator and not Cinna the poet

3. things are getting too tense for the audience—they just witnessed a murder, and see that Brutus and Cassius are in trouble as Antony has vowed revenge

Pages 35-36: Standards Focus: Analysis of Rhetoric 1. synecdoche

2. rhetorical question 3. rhetorical question 4. antithesis

5. apostrophe 6. aposiopesis 7. conduplicatio 8. paralipsis (or irony) 9. hyperbole

17. personification 18. rhetorical question 19. Answers will vary 20. Answers will vary 21. Answers will vary

Pages 37-38: Assessment Preparation: Word Roots Part b will vary.

1. a. conspirator b. spirited; conspire 2. a. appeased b. peaceful; appease 10. a. apprehensive b. pregnant; reprehensible 11. a. consent b. sense; consensus 12. a. legacy b. private; legal Page 39: Act Four: Scene Guide See Teacher’s Guide Summary of the Play Page 40: Act Four: Comprehension Check Scene One

1. to his brother’s death

2. he feels he is too weak and ineffectual; a donkey who only carries the master’s load Scene Two

1. he is angry and distrusts him 2. to Brutus’s tent; to talk alone Scene Three

1. Cassius claims Brutus slandered him because Cassius took Lucius Pella’s side when he was accused of accepting bribes.

2. Brutus accuses Cassius of taking bribes and behaving dishonorably.

3. They are fighting; their relationship is on shaky ground; this will cause a breakdown in their communication and trust in each other when they need it the most

4. he challenges Brutus to kill him if he really doesn’t trust him 5. Cassius’s mother

6. a poet, Lucilius, Titinius, and Lucius; probably to interrupt the fight and get their orders 7. she has killed herself; she “swallowed fire,” meaning she probably drank a known poison 8. Brutus wants to leave for Philippi immediately, meeting the enemy there when they come 9. to play/sing for him; Lucius falls asleep

10. that he will see Brutus at Philippi

Pages 41-42: Standards Focus: Figurative Language

1. metaphor; “spot” compared to his signature on the death warrant; it makes the deed sound much less evil 2. metaphor; “seen more days” means he is older

3. simile; “as the ass bears gold”; Antony is saying that Lepidus is useful for doing ordinary things, but that he would not make a good ruler in the triumvirate

4. metaphor; Octavius is saying that there are people who may look like they are friends, but are truly adversaries—they have to watch their backs

5. personification; love becomes ill and dies

6. simile; comparing the men to gallant horses showing off

7. simile; he compares the men falling from grace to horses that look like they are strong and sturdy, falling from exhaustion or weakness (jades are tired, old horses)

8. personification; chastisement hides his head

9. simile; Brutus is comparing Cassius’s comments to Mount Olympus; he is saying that Cassius’s flattery is overdone 10. imagery; Brutus sets up the image of a lamb bearing anger (lambs are traditionally meek) like a flint holds a spark. In

other words, Brutus is saying that Cassius is really weak underneath it all; that he could not have done any of this without Brutus, and now that things are getting heated, Cassius is falling apart

11. personification; heart is thirsty

12. metaphor; drinking love; Cassius cannot get enough of Brutus’s love and support

13. imagery; comparing the recent incidents to the ebb and flow of a body of water; he uses the words “tide”, “flood”,

“voyage”, “shallows”, “sea”, “afloat”. and “current” to paint this image 14. personification; night creeping, nature obeying

15. personification; murderous slumber; laying the mace upon Lucius

Pages 43-44: Standards Focus: Dialogue, Monologue, and Soliloquy

ii. a donkey; that Lepidus can only take orders—not give them as a true leader should; essentially, he calls Lepidus an “ass.”

2.

a. Brutus, Lucius, Varro, Claudius, ghost of Caesar b. Dialogue or monologue

c.

i. answer will vary; Brutus’s fears are becoming more real; he is haunted by what he has done to Caesar, to whom he was supposed to be a friend and confidante.

ii. answer will vary; it reveals a vulnerable and haunted Brutus, who knows in the depths of his mind that he did

ii. answer will vary; it reveals a vulnerable and haunted Brutus, who knows in the depths of his mind that he did

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