CAPÍTULO II: LA LIBERTAD Y LA IGUALDAD EN LA COMUNIDAD DE DIÁLOGO
2.1 La libertad en Matthew Lipman
2.1.2 La autonomía en la construcción del conocimiento y el desarrollo del pensamiento
Again, unlike instrumental legal moralism, which regards the legal enforcement of morality as instrumental for the preservation of society, non-‐instrumental legal moralism regards the legal enforcement of morality as an essential facet of the criminal justice system. Instrumental legal moralists advocate the legal enforcement of morality with a view to the damage to society that immoral conduct occasions; non-‐instrumental legal moralists do not. Again, Devlin appears to advance the quintessential account of the instrumental thesis. However, insofar as he presents the claim that the enforcement of morals is necessary for the preservation of society as a necessary truth, or a priori assumption, or insofar as he mistakenly identifies society with its morals at a particular moment in history, he forfeits any plausible claim to instrumental legal moralism. Instead, we must understand Devlin’s position as an instantiation of non-‐instrumental legal moralism that aims at the preservation of morals for their own sake.
Insofar as we can understand Devlin as advancing a version of non-‐
instrumental legal moralism, his justification for criminal prohibitions is politically illegitimate. Non-‐instrumental legal moralism, coupled with community morals as the standard of morality, results in a moral conservatism aimed at preserving the particular character of the community’s morals. Further, it justifies preserving community morals without appealing to any further end. Communities may enforce
their morals to preserve the particular character of their moral code as they see fit. On this model, the morality that Devlin argues for enforcing closely resembles a set of life values that I rule out as a possible object of agreement among independent parties to the social contract in the previous chapter.48 There I define life plans and
values as the values according to which persons desire to live their lives and argue that any attempt at agreement among parties to the social contract on the inclusion of substantive aspects of life plans and values among the responsibilities of political authority would be either oppressive or superfluous.49 Community morals of the
kind Devlin advocates enforcing through the criminal law are no more than values and life plans that a community supposedly favours, and, as a result, could similarly not be the object of agreement among parties to the social contract for protection and promotion in political society.
Additionally, Devlin’s non-‐instrumental legal moralism, because it is non-‐ committal on the content of community’s morals, would justify societies in legally enforcing substantively unjust moral codes. In arguing that societies may
legitimately enforce their morals through the criminal law, he makes no distinction between societies whose prevailing morality condones violence, oppression, or even slavery, of which there are historical and contemporary examples, and societies committed to comprehensive personal rights and freedoms. Devlin took his own
48 See 3.4, 102-‐104 above.
49 Briefly, a lack of enforcement of substantive life plans and values is only a problem
persons’ face outside of political society if parties to the social contract could not all agree to enforcement without some subordinating their aims and interests to others’. The enforcement of substantive life plans and values is oppressive if all persons’ could not agree to it (in light of their independence), and superfluous if all persons’ could (in light of the problems they would face outside of political society).
society’s morals to disapprove of homosexuality, and, contra the Wolfenden Report’s recommendations, argued for the right of his society to prohibit homosexual
conduct. These considerations make the version of non-‐instrumental legal moralism that we can attribute to Devlin very unappealing.50
In the latter half of this chapter I look at a new school of non-‐instrumental legal moralism that does not suffer from this defect. Rather, it aims to justify the legal enforcement of true moral principles that are substantively liberal, and it does so in a careful and limited way. As a result, it has gained widespread acceptance among criminal law theorists. However, as I argue, even in its strongest form, non-‐ instrumental legal moralism provides a politically illegitimate justification for political action.
50 One might suggest that there is a third interpretation of Devlin’s legal moralism
that I have failed to consider. Perhaps the strongest interpretation of Devlin’s legal moralism is that the enforcement of morals is necessary to establish a kind of social cohesion that is necessary for the preservation of society. This interpretation does not solve any of the shortcomings of Devlin’s view; it only postpones them. If the morals of the community are substantively unjust, social cohesion that preserves a society that reflects them, as Hart argues, should probably not be promoted (Hart,
Law, Liberty, and Morality, 19). If the society aims at protecting and promoting persons’ civil interests, and promoting moral ideas fosters social cohesion in a way that stabilizes legitimate political institutions as discussed above (4.3.1, 116), then we should regard the promotion of those ideas as legitimate. However, these moral ideas are not the community’s morals that Devlin advocates enforcing. Rather, they are ideas that reflect a liberal political morality (more political morality below, 4.4.4). If, for some reason, enforcing community morals that do not reflect a liberal political morality fosters social cohesion that nonetheless stabilizes legitimate political institutions, then I suppose promoting them should be regarded as
legitimate, but, again, this does not seem to qualify as enforcing morals as such. This is similar to how Alan Ryan regards Hobbes’ requirement of uniformity of public religious worship. But Ryan argues that this makes Hobbes tolerant as it turns public religious worship merely into a “police matter” (See 2.3, 64 above. Ryan, Alan, “A More Tolerant Hobbes?” Susan Mendus (ed.), Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 57).
4.4 – Non-instrumental Legal Moralism is Politically Illegitimate