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(1-1).)

3. Prepare the M16A3 service rifle for firing.

a. Ensure that the weapon is properly assembled and functioning for firing. (See TASK: MAINTAIN THE M16A3 SERVICE RIFLE (1-3).)

b. Ensure that you use the correct ammunition.

1) Use only authorized ammunition that is manufactured according to U.S. or NATO specifications.

WARNINGS: Do not fire if ammunition has the following: a) Serious corrosion

b) Dented cartridges

c) Cartridges with loose bullets

d) Cartridges exposed to extreme heat (135°F) until they have cooled e) Cartridges with the bullet pushed in (short rounds)

3) Execute "LOAD," taking the weapon from condition 4 to condition 3. (See: WEAPONS HANDLING, SHOULDER FIRED WEAPONS (1-1).)

4) Execute "MAKE READY," taking the weapon from condition 3 to condition 1. (See: WEAPONS HANDLING SHOULDER FIRED WEAPONS (1-1).)

4. Estimate the range to target.

a. Estimate the range to target by eye using the mental unit of measure method. 1) Visualize a 100-meter distance on the ground (Figure 1).

Figure 1

NOTES: Sloping ground changes the appearance of 100-meter lengths. Ground that slopes upward makes these distances look longer than 100 meters, and ground that slopes downward makes these distances look shorter than 100 meters. Thus, the tendency is to underestimate 100-meter lengths on upslopes and overestimate them on downslopes.

The accuracy of the 100-meter method depends on how much ground is visible. However, this method is most true at long ranges. If a target is at a range of 500 meters or more, and you can only see part of the ground between yourself and the target, it is hard to use this method with accuracy.

2) With this unit of measurement, mentally determine how many of these 100-meter units are between your position and the target.

NOTES: Mental estimates should be checked by pacing off distance. The average man takes about 130 steps per 100 meters.

3) For distances beyond 500 meters (Figure 2), perform the following: a) Pick a point halfway to the target.

b) Count the number of 100-meter lengths to the halfway point. c) Double that number to get the range to the target.

Figure 2

b. Estimate the range to target by eye using the appearance of object method.

NOTE: When there are hills, woods, or other obstacles between the observer and target, or where most of the ground is hidden from view, it is impractical to apply the mental unit of measure method to determine range. In such cases, another method, based on appearance of objects, may be used. Through practice the Seabee must learn how objects familiar to him appear at various known ranges.

1) Watch a man when he is standing 100 meters away.

2) Fix the appearance of his size and the details of his features and equipment firmly in your mind. Watch him in the kneeling position, then in the prone position.

3) Compare the appearance of a man at 100, 200, 300, and 500 meters. NOTES: A series of mental pictures is now established.

When time and conditions permit, accuracy can be improved by averaging a number of estimates by different Seabees to determine the range.

5. Engage the target using field-firing techniques.

a. Search for targets.

1) Perform a hasty search of the area.

2) Conduct a 30-second visual search of the terrain to check for enemy activity when you move into an area.

3) Perform a detailed search of the area using the 50-meter overlapping strip method (Figure 3).

Figure 3

4) Visually scan the area in an arc of 180-degrees over 50 meters of distance at a time, beginning with the terrain nearest your position at either flank.

5) Search each 50 meters of distance from flank to flank using a 10-meter overlap to ensure that all areas are surveyed.

b. Possible indicators of targets. 1) Sound

2) Terrain features that may offer cover and concealment for the enemy 3) Improper camouflage

4) Movement on the terrain

6) Shine of metal objects c. Techniques for target location.

1) Maintain surveillance over the area.

2) Continue to glance at various points, focusing on specific features (rocks, trees, trenches, etc), after completing the detailed search.

3) Repeat all steps in the detailed search periodically and anytime that you have been distracted from your area.

6. Perform the fundamentals of marksmanship.

a. Assume a firing position (Refer to performance step1.). b. Compensate for the effects of weather.

c. Obtain the proper sight alignment. d. Obtain the proper sight picture. e. Apply the proper trigger control.

7. Respond to the fire commands.

NOTE: A complete fire command consists of six elements, easily remembered by the memory aid ADDRAC: ALERT, DIRECTION, DESCRIPTION, RANGE, ASSIGNMENT, and CONTROL.

a. The squad leader issues the following fire commands and the Seabee reacts accordingly. 1) ALERT: "SQUAD," "FIRE TEAM," etc.

2) DIRECTION of target: "RIGHT FRONT," "LEFT FRONT," etc.

3) DESCRIPTION of target: "ROCK PILE IN DRAW," "TALL TREE AT EDGE OF HEDGEROW," "STONE HOUSE," "RIGHT OF STONE HOUSE, SMALL SHED," etc. 4) RANGE setting: "ONE-SEVEN-FIVE," "TWO-FIVE-ZERO," "FOUR-HUNDRED," etc. 5) ASSIGNMENT: "AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN; RAPID," "FIRST TEAM; ASSULT

RIFLEMAN; RAPID," etc.

EXAMPLE OF COMPLETE FIRE COMMAND: "SQUAD"

"RIGHT FRONT"

"TROOPS IN TRENCH LINE" "TWO-FIVE-ZERO"

"AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN, SUSTAINED RATE, "FIRST TEAM, AT THE RAPID RATE," "ALL OTHERS, FIRE AND MANEUVER LEFT."

"COMMENCE FIRING"

8. Engage the target.

a. Identify the type of target and use the correct procedure for engaging that specified type. 1) Stationary targets

a) Stay concealed. b) Locate enemy. 2) Multiple targets

a) Stay concealed.

b) Locate all enemy positions.

c) Engage enemy position, which represents the greatest threat. d) Engage other targets in rapid succession.

NOTE: Consider speed but emphasize accuracy. 3) Moving targets

a) Concentrate on the location of the most prominent target. b) Note point of disappearance of target.

b. Select correct fire procedures according to the position of the target and terrain features.

9. Assume field firing positions.

a. (See TASK: ASSUME FIELD FIRING POSITIONS (1-15).)

10. Fire the M16A3 service rifle while wearing the field protective mask.

a. Don, clear, and check your mask (See TASK: DON THE MCU-2A/P PROTECTIVE MASK (1-34).)

NOTES: This movement ensures that your eyes are well above the rifle and assists you in obtaining the correct horizontal alignment on the target. Placing your chin on either side of the stock will cause the muzzle of the rifle to pull to the right or left.

Keep both eyes open at all times for better vision and depth perception.

c. With your eyes above the rifle, move your hand slightly forward just before aligning the rifle on the target, forcing the rifle muzzle to drop.

NOTE: You may find it difficult to align the sights of your rifle while wearing the mask. The thickness of the lens and the bulk of the filter make it hard to obtain a good stock weld. To overcome this difficulty, place the butt of the stock slightly down and outward in your shoulder.

CAUTION: Avoid extreme firing positions in an attempt to obtain normal sight posture. Such a firing position could result in breaking the mask's seal.

11. Fire the M16A3 service rifle at night.

a. Adjust the rear sight aperture (Figure 4).

Figure 4

1) Flip the rear sight aperture to expose the larger aperture marked "0-2."

2) Rotate the rear sight elevation knob down until the 3 is aligned with the mark on the receiver. You will automatically get a zero of 200 meters. Use the 0-2 aperture when shooting at night (e.g., in a city or in a dense jungle).

b. Assume a good firing position.

NOTE: The same principles descibed in this task can be applied in any firing position (i.e., sitting, kneeling, standing, or prone).

NOTE: Your head must be well above the rifle to observe your target and the path of your tracer, and to get proper line of sight and fire alignment.

d. When the target is illuminated, quickly acquire it in your sights.

e. Shift your entire body to align on target with the best natural point of aim possible.

NOTE: You may want to place your chin on or near the top of the rifle stock to facilitate a stock weld that aligns the center line of sight with the center line of the rifle. f. Depress the muzzle of your rifle and fire one tracer round of ammunition.

g. Lock your body and "FREEZE."

h. Observe the path of the tracer to impact.

i. Adjust your entire body position to compensate for any errors.

j. Fire additional rounds of ammunition while holding your corrected point of aim.

NOTE: Avoid the natural tendency to elevate the muzzle until the front sight aligns with the target. This common error results in high misses.

12. Perform immediate action. (See: WEAPONS HANDLING, SHOULDER FIRED WEAPONS (1-1).) 13. Perform remedial action. (See: WEAPONS HANDLING, SHOULDER FIRED WEAPONS (1-1).) 14. "UNLOAD, SHOW CLEAR". (See: WEAPONS HANDLING, SHOULDER FIRED WEAPONS (1-1).)

REFERENCES:

FMFM 0-8, Basic Marksmanship

Weapons Drill Guide Battle Drill Guide

FMFM 6-5, Marine Rifle Squad

FMFM 6-8, Supporting Arms Observer, Spotter, and Controller FM 21-75, Combat Skills of the Soldier

MCO 3574.2G, Marksmanship Training with Individual Small Arms

TO 14P4-15-1, Operation and Maintenance Instructions with Illustrated Parts Breakdown, Chemical

Biological Mask Type, MCU-2A/P

ATTACHMENT (A-1) FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKSMANSHIP (1-6)