regioisomer effect on DSSCs
Scheme 36. Mechanism for the formation of SubPcs
2.1.2. Reactivity of subphthalocyanines
2.1.2.1. Axial reactivity
MicroQoSCORBA [] focuses on footprint reduction through case-tool customization of middle-ware features. Ubiquitous CORBA projects [] such as LegORB and the CORBA specialization of the Universally Interoperable Core (UIC) focus on a metaprogramming approach to DOC middle-ware. The UIC contains “meta-level” abstractions that different middleware paradigms, e.g., CORBA, must specialize, while ACE, TAO, and nORB are concrete “base-level” frameworks. e*ORB [] is a commercial CORBA ORB developed for embedded systems, especially in the Telecommunications domain.
Thetime-triggered architecture (TTA) [] is designed for fault-tolerant distributed real-time systems. Within the TTA, all system activities are initiated by the progression of a globally synchro-nized time-base. This stands in contrast to event-driven systems, in which system activity is triggered by events. The Time-triggered Message-triggered Object [,] architecture facilitates the design and development of real-time systems with syntactically simple but semantically powerful extensions of conventional object-oriented real-time approaches.
2.6 Concluding Remarks
We have described how meeting the constraints of networked embedded systems requires careful analysis of a representative application, “as an essential tool for the development of the special-purpose middleware itself.” In addition, discovering “which” settings and features are best for an application requires careful design a priori. It is therefore important to adopt an iterative approach to middleware development that starts with specific application requirements and takes simulation and experimentation results into consideration.
By integrating both real-time middleware dispatching and a virtual clock mechanism used for simulation environments with distribution middleware features, we have shown how to develop special-purpose middleware solutions that address multiple stages of a networked embedded sys-tem’s engineering life cycle. We also have empirically verified [] that with nORB the footprint of a statically linked executable memory image for the ping node scheduling application was % of the footprint for the same application built with TAO, while still retaining real-time performance similar to TAO.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the support and guidance of the Boeing NEST OEP Principal Investigator Dr. Kirby Keller and Boeing Middleware Principal Investigator Dr. Doug Stuart. We also wish to thank Dr. Weixiong Zhang at Washington University in St. Louis for providing the initial algorithm implementation used in ping scheduling. This work was supported in part by the DARPA NEST (contract F--C-) and PCES (contract F--C-) programs.
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2-16 Networked Embedded Systems
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II
Wireless Sensor Networks
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks Stefan Dulman and
Paul J. M. Havinga... 3-
Third Era of Computing●What Are Wireless Sensor Networks?●Typical Scenarios and Applications●Design Challenges●Conclusions
Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks Stefan Dulman,
S. Chatterjea, and Paul J. M. Havinga... 4-
Sensor Node Architecture●Wireless Sensor Network Architectures●Data-Centric Architecture●Distributed Data Extraction Techniques●Conclusion
Overview of Time Synchronization Issues in Sensor Networks Weilian Su... 5-
Introduction●Design Challenges●Factors Influencing Time Synchronization●Basics of Time Synchronization●Time Synchronization Protocols for Sensor Networks●Conclusions
Resource-Aware Localization in Sensor Networks
Frank Reichenbach, Jan Blumenthal, and Dirk Timmermann... 6-
Introduction●Distance Estimation●Positioning Systems and Localization Algorithms● Conclusions
Power-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks Lucia Lo Bello
and Emanuele Toscano... 7-
General Remarks on Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks●Overview of Energy-Saving Routing Protocols for WSNs●Data-Centric Power-Efficient Routing Protocols●Optimization-Based Power-Aware Routing Protocols●Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols● Location-Based Energy-Aware Routing Protocols●Energy-Aware QoS-Enabled Routing Protocols●Topology Control Protocols for Energy-Efficient Routing●Summary and Open Issues
Energy-Efficient MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks
Lucia Lo Bello, Mario Collotta, and Emanuele Toscano... 8-
Design Issues for MAC Protocols for WSNs●Overview on Energy-Efficient MAC Protocols for WSNs●Mobility Support in WSNs●Multichannel Protocols for WSNs●Summary and Open Issues
Distributed Signal Processing in Sensor Networks Omid S. Jahromi
and Parham Aarabi... 9-
Introduction●Case Study: Spectrum Analysis Using Sensor Networks●Inverse and Ill-Posed Problems●Spectrum Estimation Using Generalized Projections●Distributed Algorithms for Calculating Generalized Projection●Conclusion
II-
Richard Zurawski/Networked Embedded Systems K_S Finals Page -- #
II- Wireless Sensor Networks
Sensor Network Security Guenter Schaefer. ... 10-
Introduction and Motivation●Denial of Service and Routing Security●Energy Efficient Confidentiality and Integrity●Authenticated Broadcast●Alternative Approaches to Key Management●Secure Data Aggregation●Summary
Wireless Sensor Networks Testing and Validation Matthias Woehrle,
Jan Beutel, and Lothar Thiele... 11-
Introduction●Wireless Sensor Network Validation●Sensor Network Testbeds●Integrated Testing Architecture●Test and Validation for Life on the Glacier—The PermaSense Case● Summary
Developing and Testing of Software for Wireless Sensor Networks Jan Blumenthal, Frank Golatowski, Ralf Behnke, Steffen Prüter, and
Dirk Timmermann... 12-
Introduction●Preliminaries●Software Architectures●Simulation, Emulation, and Test of Large-Scale Sensor Networks●Mastering Deployed Sensor Networks●Summary
Richard Zurawski/Networked Embedded Systems K_C Finals Page -- #