EL HÁBITAT DEL OSO ANDINO EN MACHU PICCHU Fragmento tomado de Peyton (1983)
1. BÚSQUEDA DE INDICIOS INDIRECTOS DE LA PRESENCIA DEL OSO
The wood that supplies Fibria’s Industrial Units for the most part is transported by trucks, which is the main mode of transport for cargo haulage in Brazil. The traffic of trucks and equipment, which intensifies during harvest periods, causes environmental and social impacts that Fibria strives to mitigate and control through operational dialogues with the local communities involved (learn more about this topic in the Impact on the Communities chapter, on page 78). Our company also makes use of barges, which are more economical and with have a lower impact, on the route be- tween the Caravelas Maritime Terminal in Bahia and the Portocel barge terminal in Espírito Santo.
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In 2011, the Jacareí Unit received 3.74 million cubic meters of wood, of which 75% were certified by the FSC®. Of particular note was the accident rate of 0.29 accidents per 1 million kilometers traveled in transportation services to this Unit. This is lower than the world average of 1 accident per million kilometers traveled on motorways. This result reflects the consolidation of the Safe Highway program, implemented in 2005, involving renewal of the trucking fleet and the establishment of regional committees to discuss improvements in transportation processes on a monthly basis. The 150 trucks used by the Jacareí Unit make about 200 trips per day, averaging 225 kilometers, which represents 34 million kilometers traveled per year.
At the Três Lagoas Unit some 4.15 million cubic meters of wood were transported. Fibria invested approximately R$5million in improving 85 kilometers of roads, including 35 kilometers used by communities, providing higher stan- dards of safety and productivity for the fleet as well as benefits for the population. The 105 trucks that work out of Três Lagoas average 200 trips per day in an average radius of 66 kilometers, totaling 10 million kilometers traveled per year.
At the Aracruz Unit, the 8.92 million cubic meters of wood transported in 2011 surpassed the volume registered in 2010 by 4.4%, establishing a new record for the movement of this pulp raw material. The Unit’s Forestry Logistics department was notable for the significant improvement in safety, registering an 86% rate, practically double that obtained in 2010, which was 44%. The accident rate with lost time (own and outsourced employees) was only 1.13, compared to 7.55 the previous year, an achievement made possible thanks to educational campaigns aimed at con- tracted transportation suppliers carried out by our Safety Committees and the Safe Highway Program, focused on most problematic stretches of the BR 101 highway. The Unit is restructuring its Transportation Monitoring Network (RMT) in order to seek greater participation of users of the BR 101 highway, involving volunteers, residents of neigh- boring communities, road users and representatives of stakeholder organizations. Another highlight at Aracruz is a project for changing the apparent density of the transported wood, seeking to reduce the hauling of water, increasing precision during weighing sessions and improving operational efficiency.
Maritime transportation
In 2011, 2.15 million cubic meters of wood were transported by barges, which represents about 25% of the total volume of wood sent to the Aracruz Unit, taking into account highway, railroad and maritime shipping modes. The company has sought whenever possible to use barges, which are more economical and safer than truck transporta- tion, as well as causing significantly lower social and environmental impacts, including lower levels of CO2 emissions. In order to mitigate the impacts of maritime transportation on local communities, Fibria is in the forefront of a number of actions for generating income and employment in the port regions of Caravelas (BA) and Barra do Riacho (Aracruz, ES) (learn more in the Relationship with the Communities chapter, on page 74), and supports the Baleia Jubarte Institute’s project to increase the population of this species along the Brazilian coast, which has been occurring at an average rate of 18% per year. Fibria also supports the Advanced Base of the Northeast Coast Research and Fishery Resources Management Center (CEPENE/IBAMA) in scientific research projects linked to the ecology of the mangrove regions along the Caravelas coast and for the production of native fruit tree seedlings that benefit the local population.
Rail transportation
The relatively small number of railroad services offered in the country reduces Fibria’s possibility of using this transpor- tation system for its wood deliveries. This transportation mode is only viable, for the moment, for the Aracruz Unit, used for the transportation of wood from forestry partners in areas of Minas Gerais and some storage sites in Espírito Santo that were reactivated in 2011, located in Colatina, Araguaia and Cachoeiro do Itapemirim. In 2012, the company also intends to reactivate a wood storage location in Conselheiro Pena.
Fi br ia | S ust ain ab ili ty R epor t 20 11SIgnIFIcant EnvIronmEntal ImPactS oF thE tranSPortatIon oF ProDuctS anD othEr gooDS anD matErIalS
uSED In thE organIzatIon’S oPEratIonS, aS WEll aS thE tranSPortatIon oF EmPloyEES (grI En29)
ForeStry LogiSticS: tranSport and SuppLy oF the miLL
activity environmental
aspect detailing of environmental aspect environmental impact
road and rail transportation and handling (wood and machinery) Detours / changes in traffic
Flow of vehicles on federal, state and municipal roads, urban stretches and Fibria's internal roads
• Use of the road network • Damage to property noise generation noise generated by road and rail transport • Nuisance to neighbors Particulate emissions
(mobile sources)
Emission of particulates (black smoke) in road and rail transportation • Contamination/change in air quality
Dust generation generation of dust by road and rail transportation • Nuisance to neighbors generation/
disposal of waste contaminated with oil or grease
contaminated soils and contaminated miscellaneous materials collected and sent to class I landfill or incineration
• Chemical/physical/ microbiological soil changes • Contamination/change in air quality
generation/disposal of contaminated PPE
Disposal of contaminated PPE used during operations • Chemical/physical/ microbiological soil changes • Contamination/change in air quality generation/ disposal of: (1) uncontaminated PPE (2) plastic scrap (3) paper and cardboard (4) scrap metal (5) glass
(6) other solid waste
Disposal during the execution of operations: (1) used and uncontaminated PPE
(2) plastics from packaging in general, glassware and miscellaneous items
(3) paper and cardboard from packaging in general and miscellaneous items
(4) metals from packaging in general and miscellaneous items (5) glass from packaging in general and miscellaneous items
(6) wood residue such as bark and branches, generated in the unloading and cleaning of trucks and trains. In the Caravelas Terminal, this waste is disposed in class II landfills
• Chemical/physical/ microbiological soil changes
reuse and/or recycling of materials
materials generated by various operations teams, such as plastic scrap, electronics, metals, glass, paper and clean cardboard and batteries that can be given alternative disposal
• Economics of natural resources
Power generation Wood waste and bark and branches generated in the mill wood yard and burned in its biomass boiler
• Economics of natural resources
Emission of liquid effluents
towels and rags contaminated with oil or grease generated during the operation and sent to wash by outsourced companies
• Contamination/change of water quality
Wastewater generated in the intermediate wood yards through dragging of solids and other residues by rain
• Contamination/change of water quality
Wastewater generated in the mill's wood yard through dragging of solids by rain
• Chemical/physical/ microbiological soil changes Wastewater generated in the mill's wood yard through dragging
of solids by rain
• Contamination/change of water quality
leachate generated in the intermediate wood yards and the mill's wood yard originated from decomposition of organic matter from bark and similar materials stored in batteries and awaiting disposal
• Contamination/change of water quality
leachate generated in the intermediate wood yards and the mill's wood yard originated from decomposition of organic matter from bark and similar materials stored in batteries and awaiting disposal
• Chemical/physical/ microbiological soil changes Effluents generated in the determination of wood density at the
mill's wood yard
• Chemical/physical/ microbiological soil changes Effluents generated from the suction of sewage and oily waste from
barges transporting wood at the Portocel Barge terminal. these effluents are sent for treatment
• Contamination/change of water quality
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generation/Disposal of batteriesDisposal of batteries used in intermediate yards and the mill's wood yard in flashlights, radios and other communication instruments. This waste is made up of normal or or alkaline batteries that can be destined for class II landfills
• Chemical/physical/ microbiological soil changes
collision/overturning Risk of collision and overturning on roads and rail lines • Contamination/change of water quality
• Chemical/physical/ microbiological soil changes Fire Risk of fire in road and rail transportation • Contamination/change in
air quality Leakage/spilling Risk of leakage and overflow of fuel and other fluids in road
and rail transportation
• Contamination/change of water quality
• Chemical/physical/ microbiological soil changes running over of wild
animals
Risk of running over wild animals during road transportation • Change in wild fauna/flora consumption of non-
renewable resources
consumption of diesel oil in road and rail transportation • Depletion of non- renewable natural resources Electric power
consumption
consumption of electric power by the mill wood yard's operations • Imbalance in supply and demand of renewable natural resources
Water consumption used in the intermediate wood yards courtyards and the mill's wood yard
• Depletion of non- renewable natural resources
maritime Shipping
activity environmental aspect detailing of environmental aspect environmental impact
Wood transportation and handling
consumption of non- renewable resources
consumption of diesel by tugboats pushing barges for maritime wood transportation purposes
• Depletion of non- renewable natural resources Particulate emissions
(mobile sources)
Emission of particulates (black smoke) by tugboats pushing barges during maritime transportation of wood
• Contamination/change in air quality
noise generation noise generated by the operations of loading and unloading of barges and their docking maneuvers in maritime terminals can drive away the aquatic species that breed in the mangrove areas (caravelas terminal) and disrupt their behavior
• Change in wild fauna/flora • Change in wildlife/ aquatic flora
Leakage/spilling Leaks and/or spills of fuel and other fluids from tugboats pushing barges during maritime transport of wood in normal operation or in case of shipwreck
• Contamination/change of water quality
• Changes to the fauna and flora
• Change in aquatic fauna and flora
collision/overturning Risk of collision with cetaceans when transporting wood in maritime operations, including interference in the development of these species
• Change in wildlife/ aquatic flora
optimization of wood supply
the full operation of caravelas terminal allows the loading of barges with up to 5,200 tonnes of wood, which represents the loading of approximately 100 trucks of the "tritrem" type that no longer travel on Br-101
• Economics of natural resources
Fi br ia | S ust ain ab ili ty R epor t 20 11 Dredging of the channel (caravelas maritime terminal) Introduction of exotic speciesthe use of vessels from other regions may eventually be a transmitter of exotic species into the region through ballast water or hull fouling of vessels
• Change in aquatic fauna and flora
consumption of non- renewable resources
consumption of diesel oil by dredging vessels and any other support vessels
• Depletion of non- renewable natural resources Particulate emissions
(mobile sources)
Emission of particulates (black smoke) by dredging vessels and any other support vessels
• Contamination/change in air quality
noise generation noise generated by the dredging vessels and any other support vessels can drive away the aquatic species that breed in the mangrove areas (caravelas terminal) and disrupt the behavior of the local avifauna
• Changes in wild fauna and flora
• Change in aquatic fauna and flora
Leakage/spilling Fuel and other fluids from the dredging vessels • Contamination/change of water quality
Fuel and other fluids from dredging vessels. Includes any support vessels
• Changes to the fauna and flora
Risk of leakage and spills of fuel and other fluids from dredging vessels. Includes any support vessels
• Changes to aquatic flora and fauna
Provision of materials in the fluid column
the dredging operation promotes dispersion of particulate matter, nutrients and chemicals that will interact with the aquatic biota, silting them or subsequent diluting. a visible plume can also be formed due to the dragging causes
• Change in aquatic fauna and flora
Slope landslides the excavation and removal of sediment in the channel must be performed in order to maintain the stability for certain angles of slopes and to prevent collapse and burying of areas and consequent dispersion of the liquid column material
• Change in aquatic fauna and flora
Suppression of bentonic communities
the excavation and removal of sediment in the channel displaces the bentonic communities on the seabed. Restocking occurs naturally, but may have different composition of original and leads to a breakdown of the previous balance
• Reduction of biodiversity
geometric modification of the maritime
the excavation and removal of sediment in the channel alters the channel geometry and can modify the circulation patterns of currents and consequent changes in patterns of erosion and sedimentation of local area and biota in these areas
• Change in aquatic fauna and flora