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Analysis of the contribution of a coal-fired power plant to PM10 concentrations in four sites in Southern Italy
D. Contini, Istituto di Scienze dellAtmosfera e del Clima, CNR / Division of Lecce; D. Cesari, E. Merico, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, CNR; F.M. Grasso, A. Dinoi, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, CNR / Division of Lecce; A. Genga, M. Siciliano, University of Salento; M. Berico, A. Malaguti, ENEA / SSPT-MET-INAT Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy This study is aimed to perform a source apportionment of PM10 collected simultaneously in four sites located in the Puglia region (South-Eastern Italy). The
62 SETAC Europe 28th Annual Meeting Abstract Book
sites are located in the area surrounding the “Federico II” coal-fired power plant. The studied area included the territory of the Province of Brindisi, close to the coal-fired power plant “Federico II”, and in the territory of the Province of Lecce at about 26 km SSE of the power plant. The Lecce site was included to assess the impact of the power plant emissions at middle distances. The measuring sites are Lendinuso (LN), Cisternino (CI), Torchiarolo (TR) and Lecce (LE). The Lecce site is the Environmental-Climate Observatory managed by ISAC-CNR, regional station of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW-WMO) program. Daily PM10 samples were collected at the different sites during measurement campaigns in different seasons (summer, autumn and winter) between 2013 and 2016. Specifically, three measurement campaigns were performed simultanously at the four sites in 2016 and the dataset was enriched with previously available data collected in 2013 and 2015 at the sites in the province of Brindisi (LN, CI, and TR) for a total of 457 daily samples. Collected samples were chemically analysed to determine 19 species: the carbonaceous components (EC and OC); the water soluble ions Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+; the elements Al, Si, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn. Measured data was used for source apportionment of PM10 based on a receptor-oriented model approach that integrates the results obtained using two receptor models (Positive Matrix Factorization – PMF and Chemical Mass Balance - CMB), with those obtained using the CALPUFF dispersion model. This approach allows to estimate the primary contribution of the power plant to PM10 and to obtain an estimation of its contribution to secondary sulphate.
285
Air pollution toxicology: is it the right time to leave the bench for the field? A case study integrated approach
M. Gualtieri, ENEA / MET-INAT; F. Costabile, CNR / ISAC - Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, Rome, Italy; M. Grollino, ENEA / SSPT-TECS-BIORISC Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123, Rome, Italy; P. Avino, INAIL / Department of Technological Innovations, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187 Rome, Italy; E. Cordelli, G. Raschellà, ENEA /
SSPT-TECS-BIORISC Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123, Rome, Italy; A. Malaguti, E. Petralia, ENEA / SSPT-MET-INAT Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy; T. La Torretta, M. Stracquadanio, ENEA; M. Manigrasso, INAIL / Department of Technological Innovations, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187 Rome, Italy; A. Wiedensohler, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research /
Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; G. Cremona, ENEA; K. Weinhold, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research / Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; L. Di Liberto, CNR / ISAC - Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, Rome, Italy; C. Consales, ENEA /
SSPT-TECS-BIORISC Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123, Rome, Italy; M. Berico, ENEA / SSPT-MET-INAT Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy; M. Aufderheide, CULTEX LABORATORIES GmbH / Feodor-Lynen-Straße 21, 30625 Hannover, Germany; G. Gobbi, CNR / ISAC - Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, Rome, Italy; G. Zanini, ENEA / SSPT-MET Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy
Air pollution (AP) is recognize as the most important environmental issue affecting human health. In Europe AP is responsible for 500.000 premature deaths mainly due to non-communicable diseases and disabilities. The epidemiological associations have already evidenced significant relationship between increases in risk factors for selected human diseases and air pollutants concentration. Finally IARC has classified outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). During the last decades several toxicological studies have investigated the molecular biological mechanism of air pollutant effects specifically particulate on matter (PM). These studies worked mainly with in vitro or in vivo models exposed to PM samples previously collected on filters, then detached and resuspended in suitable media. This procedure, although extensively applied, has always posed the question about the representativeness of extracted PM in comparison to airborne PM. However, the lack of exposure systems directly working under environmental conditions made this experimental set-up widely accepted. In the last years, also thank to Nanotoxicology studies, innovative exposure modules have been proposed which are able to convey air-dispersed particles on cultured cells. The majority of the application so far reported, however deal with the exposure under laboratory condition of engineered nanoparticles or other molecules of interest. Here we report the results obtained by the exposure of bronchial epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid-interface (ALI) under environmental condition to environmental pollution by means of an exposure module (CULTEX® RFS module). The data demonstrate that the maximal feasible exposure evaluated for the CULTEX® system is representative of the dosimetry calculated for human exposure. The toxicological evaluation evidenced the absence of cytotoxic effects and absence of significant release of inflammatory release. Ongoing analysis are focused on the differential expression of selected genes of interest. Altogether our results show that the time is arrived to leave the warmth of the laboratory bench and to start toxicological evaluation in field campaign. Although the proposed approach still require an extensive evaluation to assess all the pros and cons we reckon that the toxicological data obtainable under really representative environmental conditions may be more representative to understand the biological processes activated by air pollution.
286
Indoor and Outdoor air contamination by endocrine disruptor pollutants in the North part of France
E. Moreau-Guigon, EPHE, PSL / UMR METIS; P. Desmettres, ATMO Hauts-de-France; F. Alliot, EPHE / UMR Metis; E. Escat, N. Dufour, B. Rocq, ATMO Hauts-de-France; M. Chevreuil, EPHE / UMR METIS 7619
The atmosphere is the main environment with which humans have the most important exchanges. However, human activities have led to air pollution (ozone, particulate matter) but also an air contamination by a broad range of pollutants. To date, few data exist on air contamination by endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) in France. With the experience acquiring in Paris region in a previous research, the research team and ATMO Hauts-de-France realised two studies in the North part of France about indoor and outdoor air contamination by EDCs. According to the methodology previously validated, several types of indoor environments (office, house, scholar building and day nursery) and several areas (rural/ forest, urban, industrial) were investigated over 2 years (2015 and 2016-2017). During each season, 7 or 5 sites (indoor and outdoor) were sampling during three successive 2-week periods. The device is composed to a TSP filter system and a cartridge containing XAD resin, connected to a flowmeter and a pump. 70 EDCs were analysed by LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS or GC-MS in gaseous and particulate phases separately. Whatever the site, in outdoor air as well as in indoor air, all EDCs were detected and concentrations range from 33 553 to 0.001 ng/m3. Phthalates, PAHs, musks and alkylphenols are the main compound families. Urban and industrial sites are more concentrated than rural and forest ones. Furthermore, for most pollutants, indoor air is more contaminated than outdoor. The EDCs are mainly in gaseous phase and their concentration depend directly on potential sources of emission, on activities inside the building and urban density. For example, phthalates concentrations are linked to consumer products, building materials, furnishing… PAHs are coming from residential and tertiary heating and from road transport; alkylphenols and musks from detergents. Excepted few specific sites, the EDCs concentrations in air in the North part of France are in the same order than those in Paris region. In conclusion, the air contamination by EDCs is becoming a sanitary concern because French people spend 80% of time in indoor environment and young children, a particularly sensitive population, are the most exposed.
287
Air pollution and health: early biological effects in children exposed to air pollutants and genotoxic effect of PM0.5 in different Italian towns
S. Bonetta, S. Bonetta, University of Torino / Department of Public Health and Pediatrics; M. Moretti, M. Villarini, University of Perugia / Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; L. Covolo, University of Brescia / Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health; A. De Donno, University of Salento / Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology; M. Verani, University of Pisa / Department of Biology; T. Schilirò, C. Pignata, E. Carraro, University of Torino / Department of Public Health and Pediatrics; U. Gelatti, University of Brescia / Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties Radiological Sciences and Public Health; M. Study Group, University of Torino, Brescia, Pisa, Perugia and Salento / Dep of Medical and Surgical Specialties Radiological Sciences and Public Health
Children are a high-risk group in terms of the health effects of air pollution, and early exposure during childhood can increase the risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood. The aim of MAPEC_LIFE (Monitoring Air Pollution Effects on Children for supporting public health policy) project was i) to evaluate the associations between air pollution and biomarkers of early biological effects in children and ii) to propose a model for estimating the global risk of early biological effects due to air pollutants and other factors in children. The study was performed on 6-8-year-old children (n=1,149) living in 5 Italian towns in different seasons. Micronucleus (MN) frequency and DNA damage were investigated in buccal cells of children. Socio-demographic and lifestyle features were collected using a questionnaire. Child exposure to air pollutants was assessed analyzing PM0.5 (chemical composition and genotoxicity) and collecting data on air quality. In winter, the 52.7% of children showed at least one MN in cells (0.44 MN/1000 cells). A significant difference was observed among the towns. In spring, MN frequency was lower than in winter (0.22 MN/1000 cells) and the difference between towns disappears. MN frequency resulted associated with benzene, PM2.5, ozone, SO2 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Season and town influenced MN. Environmental tobacco smoke and high BMI were positively associated with MN frequency, while adherence to Mediterranean diet was negatively associated. The DNA damage in children was higher in spring (179.02 au) than in winter (159.00 au) and significant differences were found among the towns (only in winter). DNA damage was associated with benzene, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 (winter) and with ozone (complete data-set). Season and town influence the damage. No association was observed with socio-demographic and lifestyle features. The levels of main pollutants were higher in the Po valley in winter. No genotoxic effect of PM0.5 extracts was observed using A549 cells while BEAS-2B cells highlighted a light DNA damage in Torino, Brescia and Pisa (winter). The Ames test confirmed the low level of biological effect and the highest mutagenicity in Torino and Brescia. In conclusion, the assessment of biomarkers of early effect in the population is useful for a complete overview of the impact of air pollution exposure and results obtained can be used to propose some guidance for
implementing policies of public health protection.
288
Source apportionment of PM near steel plant by electron microscopy
A. Genga, University of Salento / Dep. of Biological and environmental Sciences and Technology; M. Siciliano, University of Salento; C. Malitesta, T. Siciliano, Università del Salento
Source apportionment based on bulk chemical analysis often uses advanced statistical tools for a detailed source categorization. In contrast, in this study the source apportionment is based on properties of individual particles determined by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersed spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The receptor site is located near a steel plant in the Apulia Region, South Italy. A total of 5000 particles were analyzed by SEM–EDS and based on the morphology and chemical composition they have been classified into the following main groups: Alumosilicate particles; Silicium reach particles; Ca-rich particles; Biological particles; Carbonaceous particles; Soot; Kish flakes; Salts of Sodium Chloride (sea salt); Calcium sulfate; Metal particles; Secondary particles; Fe reach particles (Fe mixture and Fe oxides). All particles, which could not be classified into one of these groups, were listed as other particles. The particle groups observed in the present investigation can be assigned to different emission sources. Beside the chemical composition, information on the morphology and mixing state of the particles is helpful for discrimination of industrial emissions originating from high temperature processes from a natural soil component, for both iron-rich particles as well as silicates. In the present study, the following source categories have been distinguished: soil, industrial, secondary, biological, soot, Ca-rich particles, Ca sulfates. In industrial, soil and secondary, particles of different groups are merged. The source apportionment analysis performed with the single particle analysis let to investigate the dimensional and mass distribution of the sources in PM10-2.5, PM2.5-1, PM1 fractions, showing that the antropic sources are mainly present in the fine and ultrafine particles, while the natural sources are characterized by coarse dimension.
289
Oxidized transformation products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in secondary organic aerosol particles
A. Kramer, Oregon State University / Environmental and Molecular Toxicology; S.L. Massey Simonich, Oregon State University / Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology; A. Zelenyuk, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; K. Suski, Pacific Northwest Laboratories; D. Bell, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Long-range atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) remains a global health concern as transport models continue to fall short of accurate predictions. To improve modeling accuracy the determination of chemical speciation of PAHs within PM2.5 is necessary. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles sorb PAHs during formation and transport them as a large fraction of global atmospheric PM2.5, and the presence of PAH vapor has been demonstrated to increase the mass loading of atmospheric SOA. The oxidation of four PAHs were studied in laboratory generated α-pinene SOA experiments. Dibenzothiophene (DBT), phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and
benz(a)anthracene (BaA) were measured along with their oxidation products in freshly formed α-pinene ozonolysis SOA grown in the presence of vapor phase PAH (PSOA). Ratios of oxidized transformation products was measured and changes in those ratios was observed during the aging of the SOA, as well as after exposure to ozone. In freshly formed PSOA, the sum of measured oxidized products was found to be equal to the measured amount of parent compound in all four systems. Characterization of aged particles provides evidence of continuing chemical reactions in PHE and PYR PSOA. DBT and PHE PSOA showed evidence that ozone exposure, performed in a flow-tube reactor, results in further oxidation. Data suggests the environment inside SOA particles are complex and dynamic, and need to be further explored. Implications of the presence of oxidized PAHs in long-range transport modeling will be discussed.
The added value of using invertebrate species in
ecotoxicology: new insights for environmental risk
assessment (II)
290
The role of the p38-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-mediated autophagy in cadmium-exposed monogonont rotifer Brachious koreanus
H. Kang, C. Jeong, J. Lee, Sungkyunkwan University
Autophagy is a ‘self-eating’ system that regulates the degradation of cellular components and is involved in various biological processes including survival and development. However, despite its crucial role in organisms the regulatory mechanism of autophagy remains largely unclear, particularly in invertebrates. In this study, conserved autophagy in the rotifer Brachionus koreanus in response to cadmium (Cd) exposure was verified by measuring acidic vesicle organelles using acridine orange (AO) and neutral red (NR) staining, and by detecting LC3 I/II on Western blot and immunofluorescence. We also demonstrated activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in response to Cd-induced oxidative
stress, leading to the induction of autophagy in B. koreanus. This was further verified by analysis of MAPK protein levels and immunofluorescence of LC3 I/II after treatment with reactive oxygen species scavengers and inhibitors specific to MAPKs. We propose a p38 MAPK-mediated regulatory mechanism of autophagy in B. koreanus in response to Cd-induced oxidative stress. This study will contribute to a better understanding of autophagic processes in invertebrates and its modulation by environmental stressors.
291
Effects of triclosan (TCS) on antioxidant system and oxidative stress-mediated gene expression in the copepod Tigriopus japonicus
J. Park, J. Lee, Sungkyunkwan University
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent that has been widely dispersed and detected in the marine environment. However, the effects of TCS in marine invertebrates are poorly understood. In this study, the effects of TCS on life cycle parameter (e.g. mortality and fecundity) along with cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, GSH content, antioxidant enzymatic activities, and mRNA expression levels of oxidative stress-induced defense genes, were analyzed using model marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and median lethal concentration (LC50) of TCS in the adult stage were determined to be 300μg/L and 437.476μg/L, respectively, while in the nauplius stages the corresponding values were 20μg/L, and 51.76μg/L, respectively. Fecundity was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in response to TCS at 100μg/L. Concentration and time-dependent analysis of ROS, GSH content (%), and antioxidant enzymatic activities (e.g. GST, GPx, and SOD) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in response to TCS exposure. Furthermore, mRNA expression of detoxification (e.g., CYPs) and antioxidant (e.g., glutathione S-transferase-sigma isoforms, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, catalase) genes was modulated in response to TCS exposure at different concentrations over a 24 h period. Our results revealed that TCS can reduce fecundity and induce oxidative stress with transcriptional regulation of oxidative stress-induced defense genes along with the activation of the antioxidant system in the copepod T. japonicus. Based on our investigation, TCS affects survival through oxidative stress with antioxidant and detoxification defense system in T. japonicus. In addition, two CYP genes (CYP3026A3 and CYP3037A1) are likely to have a potential role as biomarkers in response to TCS in T. japonicus. This study will be helpful for a better understanding of how TCS affects on antioxidant defense and detoxification mechanisms in copepod.
292
The protective role of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR)-mediated ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in biocides-exposed rotifer Brachionus Koreanus
Y. Lee, H. Kang, C. Jeong, J. Lee, Sungkyunkwan University
In aquatic organisms, cellular membranes act as the final physical barrier to xenobiotics, since the membranes are in constant contact with the ambient water column that contains various anthropogenic pollutants. In this respect, the efflux activities of membrane transporters can be considered as the first line of defense to xenobiotic exposure in aquatic organisms. Among the transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) are ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that confer multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) via their efflux activity, which enables a variety of xenobiotics to be expelled from cells. MXR has been proposed as the first line of defense against xenobiotics. In this study, the protective roles of P-gp and MRP in the rotifer Brachionus koreanus were examined in response to four biocides (alachlor, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and molinate) using fluorescent substrates and inhibitors specific to P-gp and MRP. The efflux activities of P-gp and MRP in the rotifer B. koreanus were increased by biocide exposure, since the fluorescence intensities of the accumulated P-gp and MRP fluorescent substrates were lower in response to different biocides. Thus, exposure of rotifers to the four biocides resulted in increased P-gp and MRP activity. Moreover, the rotifers became more sensitive to the biocides, with reduced survival and slower population growth rates, when P-gp or MRP was inhibited. These findings suggest that P-gp and MRP are involved in the defense system in response to biocide exposure. Furthermore, the transcriptional levels of the genes encoding P-gp and MRP were examined to uncover the mechanism by which MXR