Ballestas parabólicas

As care recipient, the OCHH have different ways in which they regard the NGOs which seem to or is expected to be supporting them. The OCHH know some of the NGOs which have supported them and those which support other children in the village. In Makete all OCHH taking part in the study have received some type of assistance from one of the NGOs working in the villages, even if it is only exercise books (the case of Kedi). As explained above the support is in the form of material needs such as school uniform given once, or exercise books, a tin of maize, or the repair of a house. In Karagwe however two of the OCHH participating in the study had never received any support from the NGOs and two had been helped to build a new house. The OCHH are also aware of other OCHH or MVC who could have benefitted from support from the NGOs but have not. All the OCHH however anticipate receiving support from the NGOs. Some OCHH have tried to obtain assistance but have not been successful for various reasons, to be explained later.

The OCHH who had received some support appreciated that it had helped them. The OCHH have noted that the assistance is not consistent with the needs and is always insufficient. They explained that one can get a tin of maize once in a year or school uniform once. Some OCHH would have wished to get a school sweater but they got

going on with the support of WVT. Such initiatives include education by working on structures such as schools, health, environment etc. The KZACP also work to reiforce capacity of the commuinty and government structures which seem to be weak in providing for the society.

98 _{KZACP mentioned Human rights capacity building to ensure that the rights of children are upheld,} as there are children who have run away to towns because their rights have been infringed. The capacity building concerns not only the child but all the structures which might infringe the rights of the child.WVT Child protection is on issues such as rape, early marriage, education and child

a blanket instead. Support in terms of taking away siblings from the OCHH has been resented by the children, who thought it was not good to separate them without communication. Health insurance cards given to one child in the household instead of all, has also caused some dissatisfaction especially with OCHH in Makete.

However, during the FGD the OCHH were of the view that the NGOs have somehow contributed to their well being. NGOs have been termed “parents” because they have supported children with school fees, housing and some food (Re: Kimako, Kevona and Semhoo in Karagwe). A former OCHH (Semhoo in Karagwe) said,

Nyumba hii na hili shamba litakuwa letu. Huku ukiishi kwa

wajomba ni kama huna kwenu. Hili shirika limetuwezesha kuwa

kama watu wengine [Interview 45: Appendix 7.1. 26/01/2010].

[Translation: This house and the land shall be ours. In this area if you live with uncles it is just like having no domicile. This organisation has enabled us to be like other people].

There is a tendency for the OCHH to trust the NGOs than the family or the village authorities although contact with the NGO is through the village. From the discussions during the FGD (Karagwe, Ndulamo and Isapulano) the OCHH were of the view that the NGOs are genuine, but the village leaders and their relatives misappropriate the support. They mentioned how one NGO is now asking the village leaders to send the children to their office some miles away to receive material assistance because the leaders cannot be trusted to pass on such materials to the children [FGD, appendix 7.3. 5/12/2009]. It was also noted that the OCHH would rather report to the NGO on issues related to their support than to the village

authorities. (The case of Kiyaya who walked ten kilometres to go to an NGO office on a matter related to school uniform given to him by the NGO)[Observation: 7/11/2009].

Some of the OCHH in Makete mentioned that they stayed alone anticipating that the NGOs would see them and support them. They gave the example of an OCHH whose house was repaired and siblings taken to be educated [FGD, appendix 7.3. 6/12/2009]. Kedi also said,

Heri (yatima) wakae peke yao. Watoto kule Ndulamo walikuwa,

wakikaa peke yao akaja mke wa Kikwete akawachukua, wako

Dar-es-Saalam. Wanaweza kukaa wakiwa wadogo lakini wakiwa

wakubwa watarudi tu. [Interview, 80: Appendix 7.2. 10/12/2009].

[Translation: It is better for orphans to stay alone in their house. There were children in Ndulamo who were living alone and they were later taken by President Kikwete’s wife during her visit. They are now in Dar-es-Salaam. They may stay there while they are young but when they grow up they will come back.]

The NGOs are regarded highly even by OCHH who have never received assistance from them. It is said that even children with parents wish they were orphaned so as to receive the assistance the orphaned children receive. The OCHH had made the following comments:

Haya mashirika yanatusaidia tunang’aa mpaka wenzetu wenye

wazazi wanatamani na wao wawe yatima [FGD, appendix 7.3.

6.12.2009].

[Translation: These organisations (NGOs) help us to shine to the

extent that fellow children with parents wish they were orphans.]

NGO staff, VEO and teachers in schools in Makete mentioned how some children who are not orphaned had claimed to be orphaned so as to get some of the material assistance given to orphaned children.

The OCHH and other children are of the view that the NGOs have more to offer than the family or the village. They also have a high regard for NGOs coming from outside their area which links to perceptions on global governance. For example they repeatedly mentioned UNICEF although none of them had received its support directly. Kiyaya said ‘UNICEF ndio baba lao’ (UNICEF is the father (great) of all)

because it has given bicycles to the village leaders [for the OCHH, UNICEF is also an NGO]. Kevona repeatedly mentioned that the house they are in was provided by

Mzungu (European) although she did not know the name or where that Mzungu came

from, just because a representative of a donor in Denmark had visited to see the house, which had been an initiative of a local NGO. There is an obvious level of expectation by the OCHH (especially in Makete) from NGOs, although there are initiatives by some NGOs to localise the projects so as to let the village own them. The Mama Mkubwa (MM) initiative in Makete is one such project. The international NGOs interventions shape what is undertaken at the local level.For example the houses built for some of the OCHH was different from what normally is done by the

local NGO.The value of one house could have built two or more houses normally built by the local NGO or village authorities.