In this section, the researcher tests the moderation role of gender between each of personal values, socialisation agents and religiosity and attitudes towards WTS. So, this section tests the following hypothesis.
To test the moderation role of Gender, again the analysis is conducted by testing the interaction effect between the moderator (Gender) and the independent variables (personal values, socialisation agents and religiosity) on the dependent variable (Attitude). Therefore, an interaction variable is computed between Gender and each of the research variables; personal
H8: Gender moderates the relationship between the research variables and attitudes towards water-pipe tobacco smoking
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values, socialisation agents and religiosity. The interaction variable is computed by multiplying the standardized values of the variable; Gender by the standardized values of the variables;
personal values, socialisation agents and religiosity. The resulting variables are three new created interaction variables, the first is the interaction variable between Gender and Personal Values, the second is the interaction variable between Gender and socialisation agents, while the third is the interaction variable between Gender and religiosity. Accordingly, the new created variable of the interaction variables between Gender and each of the research variables; personal values, socialisation agents and religiosity are regressed on the dependent variable; Attitude.
It could be noticed from Table 5-18 that there is an insignificant moderation role of gender between each of personal values, socialisation agents and religiosity and attitudes towards WTS, as the corresponding P-value is greater than 0.05.
Table 5-18: Structural Equation Model Results for Gender Moderation
Estimate S.E. C.R. P-Value Parents*Gender ---> Attitude -0.068 0.114 -.0596 0.551 Religiosity*Gender ---> Attitude -0.198 0.193 -1.023 0.306 Peer Influence*Gender ---> Attitude 0.700 0.443 1.580 0.114 Conservation*Gender ---> Attitude -0.365 0.213 -1.712 0.087
*SE: Standard Error
*CR: Critical Ratio
Therefore, the eighth hypothesis that gender moderates the relationship between personal values, socialisation agents and religiosity and attitudes towards WTS is not supported.
5.9 Conclusion
The above-mentioned results and findings reveal that there are some variables that were ignored either in the measurement model or when fitting the SEM model. Those variables are: subjective norms, self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, conformity, traditions, and parental influence – mother. The relationship found after fitting the SEM model shows a significant effect of conservation variables, peer influence and religiosity on Egyptians’ attitudes towards WTS.
Also, a significant effect of both attitudes and PBC were found on intentions to smoke. In addition, FNE was found to be significantly moderating the relationship between attitudes
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towards WTS and the intention to smoke. The research findings could be summarised as shown in Table 5-19, as follows:
Table 5-19: Summary of Hypotheses Results
Hypothesis Description Results
H1a Openness to Change affects attitudes towards water-pipe tobacco smoking
Not Tested H1b Conservation affects attitudes towards water-pipe tobacco smoking Supported H2a Peer Influence affects attitudes towards water-pipe tobacco smoking Supported H2b Parental Influence affects attitudes towards water-pipe tobacco
smoking
Not Supported H3 Religiosity affects attitudes towards water-pipe tobacco smoking Supported H4 Attitudes towards water-pipe tobacco smoking affects intentions to
smoke
Supported H5 Perceived behavioural control affects intentions to smoke Supported
H6 Subjective Norms affect intentions to smoke Not Tested
H7 Fear of negative evaluation moderates the relationship between attitudes towards water-pipe tobacco smoking and intentions to smoke
Supported
H8 Gender moderates the relationship between the research variables and attitudes towards water-pipe tobacco smoking
Not Supported
Finally, the research findings could be summarised in the model summary shown in Figure 5-16.
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Figure 5-6: Model Summary and Findings Attitude
towards Water-Pipe Tobacco
Smoking
Conservation
Socialisation Agent
Peer Influence
Religiosity
Perceived Behavioural
Control
Intentions to Smoke Water-pipe
FNE
H7: - 0.097*
H5: 0.212**
H2a: 0.170**
H3: - 0.239*
H4: 0.437**
H1b: - 0.278
**
Chapter Six
Research Discussion
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Chapter Six Research Discussion 6.1 Overview
WTS has always been rooted in the old traditions of Middle Eastern societies (Akl et al., 2011;
Maziak et al., 2015). However, those ancient traditions that were once associated with older men are now re-emerging among the youth and women around the world, especially in the EMR (Jawad et al., 2014; Jawad et al., 2018). With the growing need for effective interventions and WTS cessation efforts, this thesis aimed to provide a better understanding of the factors that influence WTS behaviour among the youth and young adults in the EMR, focusing mainly on Egypt. The Egyptian context was the emphasis in this study due to evidences of recent studies, declaring that the highest percentage of WTS (as well as cigarettes) was found in Egypt, among other EMR counties that were studied (Abu-Rmeileh et al., 2018; Jawad et al., 2018).
This research followed a positivist philosophical stance. A proposed conceptual framework was constructed after reviewing prior literature. According to the proposed conceptual framework, openness to change, conservation, socialisation agents (parents and peers), and religiosity were considered as the independent variables. Furthermore, the attitude towards WTS was considered as a mediator. The attitudes towards WTS, along with PBC and subjective norms, influenced intention to smoke. Thus, intention to smoke was considered as the dependent variable. The proposed conceptual framework also suggested FNE and Gender as moderating variables.
Subsequently, a well-defined methodology was recognised to guide the research and test the conceptual framework. A quantitative approach was used to collect the data, using a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using a SEM model for testing the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables. The results were obtained using AMOS – version 23.
This chapter reviews the overall outcomes that were concluded from the data analyses. It discusses and relates the research findings with the results of previous studies. Furthermore, implications of the current research findings are indicated, explaining the associations and suggestions for the empirical evidence. The conclusion of this chapter ends with a summary of the overall findings and their implications. Figure 6-1 shows the chapter outline.
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Figure 6-1: Research Discussion Outline