BARRIO LA ESPERANZA

A corporate travel manager is an entrepreneur working within the frame work of a large organisation. A corporate travel manager is employed by a large corporation to improve efficiency and reduce cost. If for example, a large organisation in Nigeria is spending N4 million for travel and entertainment, in addition to other branches spread across Nigeria and neighbouring countries, the expenditure for travel can get to about N11 million. A good travel manager will invite interested agencies to submit proposals based on the organisation’s travel needs.

For example, if there were fifteen initial proposals, they might be short- listed to eight and may be to a further three; which will be evaluated by the travel manager based on the organisations criteria, technology capabilities, locations/accommodation and ability to give personal service (Fairlie, 1990, P.1)

Tour wholesalers consolidate the services of airlines and other transportation carriers and ground service suppliers. The tour is sold through a sale channel to the public. Tour wholesale came into operation in the 1960s. The reason was due to airlines inability to fully book their seats.

Since vacant seats are perishable just like hotel rooms, there was the need to sell as many seats as possible. When it was close to departure dates, airlines would sell blocks of seats to wholesalers; these tickets were to specific destinations around which a wholesaler built a tour. Three types of wholesalers are, the independent tour wholesalers, airline working together with a tour wholesaler and a retail travel agent who packages tours for his clients. An example is the Tour Wholesaler Industry Study (1996, P. 68).

3.2.1 Modeling Travel Motivations

The satisfaction or dissatisfaction that a tourist experiences during a trip depends on how it is viewed by the traveller. A description of a glorious sunset and majestic mountain for example, sounds appealing to a lot of tourists, especially those on honey moon, while it may be a great bore if an individual is highly gregarious i.e. a person fond of company, and is alone on the trip.

A traveller may love the rains while another despises it. Mountains are one person’s delight, while heights make another person dizzy.

Anthropologists marvel and revel in a trip to a remote village or on an ecotourism trip of a safari, while city dwellers that enjoy having fun might find the same place dull. There is so much that depends on what the person expects of the experience and how he or she actually experiences it. These are some of the reasons why corporate travel managers are important, because they (corporate travel managers) guide and advise travellers on destinations to choose from.

Corporate travel managers know that travel is an experience and not just a tangible object, that is why it is important to guide a tourist on how, where and when to travel. When travels are embarked on, they might create pleasant anticipation or aversion, excitement and challenges, or fatigue and disappointment. The anticipation, the experience and the memory occur in the mind, leaving no tangible evidence as to why travel was undertaken and why the same trip was experienced in so many different ways by different people. Travel literatures and films often falsify reality or are shot, and so selective that the actual environment is not recognisable by the visitor. For example, phony shot can make a swimming pool look longer than it is or the colour that never exists in nature - all these can create expectations that cannot be realised, and they lead to disappointment.

HCM348 HOSPITALITY AND TRAVEL MANAGEMENT

Destination managers have an interesting way of modelling travel to motivate the traveller or tourist. An interesting way of modelling travel motivations is to divide them into factors that pull and factors that push.

The factors that pull attractions and those that push are personal needs.

Disney World in Miami Florida, United States of America, for instance, attracts those motivated by a pull factor. A relaxing week in an African Safari close to a beach, such as is obtained in Kenya and Tanzania, is inspired by a push factor. Still, much travel is likely motivated to some degree by both push and pull factors. For example, a vacation in an isolated mountain cabin, such as Obudu Ranch in Cross River State of Nigeria, would allow for escape, self-discovery, and rest, while at the same time providing scenic beauty. A travel consultant, Arlin Epperson, proposes the push/pull model. He lists push factors as the intangible desires that are generated from within the person. Examples include those shown in fig. 9.1.

(Pull factor) (Push Factor)

Mid centrics Near Psychocentric

Psychocentric

Near Allocentric

Allocentric

Atlantic City Las Vegas

Miami Beach Japan South Pacific

Florida Mexico

California Thailand

Hawaii

Western Europe

Africa

Fig. 9.1: Psychocentric and Allocentric Types of Destinations (The Pull and the Push Factors)

Also Stanley Plog, a respected social scientist, has suggested that travellers can be separated into extremes i.e. (i) psychocentrics; those who prefer familiar travel destinations (the pull factor) and (ii) allocentrics i.e. those who prefer new different destinations (the push factor). Most travellers fall between these two extremes. Psychocentrics i.e those under the pull factor travel to well-known destinations that have been visited by millions before. These destinations tend to be constant and predictable. While the allocentrics personality’s i.e. the push factors tend to be more adventurous, curious, energetic and outgoing.

They will usually be attracted to novel destinations such as those found in the Pacific, Asia and Africa.