Caracterización físico-química de soportes

In the process of verbal clipping, the words that are originally verbs or have verbal bases are clipped and changed into another form but these words still retain their meaning and grammatical class after the clipping as shown below:

(1) Abdu ya-a kar shi Abdu 3MSG-PFV kill 3MS

‘Abdu has killed him’

Original / standard form: kashe ‘kill’

Clipped form: kar

Process: clipping of the last syllable -she

52

In sentence (1) above, the word kar ‘kill’ is a verb formed from the original form kashe.

Thus, the last syllable she is removed out from the original form and the suffix r (which is a bound morpheme) is added to form kar. As shown above ya agrees with the subject, Abdu (personal name) which indicates third person masculine singular, n is a tense marker (TM), indicating that the action was completed. But the direct object “shi” represents third person masculine singular. The clipped word “kar” is a verb in Hausa language which means to

“kill”. It has its original root form as “kash” but due to palatalization in Hausa, the root of the word is changed to “kas”. However, another change that is considered (more or less to be) a dialectal difference makes the verb “kas” pronounced as “kar” in some of the spoken varieties of Hausa.

Table 4.3 Morphological description of the Hausa word “kar”

Base Affix Word Word class Morphological Process Gloss

Kas/kar

Asshe Kasasshe Noun Inflection dead (M)

Asshiya Kasasshiya Noun Inflection dead (F)

Assu Kasassu Noun Inflection dead (P)

She Kashe Verb Inflection Killing

Kas/kar Verb Clipping Kill

(2) Mutanen Najeriya su-n dau azumi People.of Nigeria 3PL-PFV take fasting

‘Nigerian people have started fasting’ (DHL, 435: 52 b) Original / standard form: dauki ‘take’

53

Clipped form: dau

Process: clipping of the last syllable -ki

In sentence (2) above, the word dau ‘take’ is a verb formed from the original form dauki.

Thus, the syllable - ki is removed out to form a clipped form dau. su indicates third person plural, and n denotes tense marker (TM), indicating past tense. The word “mutane” in the subject position is a common noun which means “people” and the word “azumi” in the object position means ‘fasting’. However, the verb dauki is a transitive verb in the sentence.

Table 4.4 Morphological description of the Hausa clipped word “dau”

Base Affix Word Word class Morphological Process Gloss

Dauk

+ a Dauka Verb Inflection Take up

and take away

+ o Dauko Verb Inflection Take up

and give me

+ kaka Daukaka Noun Inflection Elevation

+ i Dauki Verb Inflection Take

Dau Adjective Clipping Take

54

(3) Kai-na ya-na juwa Head-of-1SG 3MSG-PFV twist

‘I feel giddiness’ (Abraham, 345: 38-39 a)

Original / standard form: hajujuwa ‘giddiness

Clipped form: juwa

Process: clipping of the front syllable haju-

In the sentence construction above, juwa is obtained from the original form hajujuwa. In the process of forming the word juwa, the first two syllables of the original form have been deleted (ha and ju). The word “juwa” is from “hajujuwa” which means“spinning”. On the other hand, “juwa” also refers to dizziness. Although the word “juwa” “dizziness” retains its original meaning however, there is a subtle extension of meaning. “Hajujuwa” is a conscious activity of an individual, mostly performed by little children, while dizziness has to do with a natural feeling of spinning which is not derived consciously. It denotes mostly a sign of sickness.

Table 4.5 Morphological description of the Hausa word “juwa”

Base Affix Word Word class Morphological Process Gloss

Haju

Juwa Hajujuwa Noun Inflection

Juwa Juwa Noun Inflection

55

(4) Idan Allah Ya kai mu mako mai zuwa muna nan if God 3MS-PFV will 1PL week PAT next 1PL-IPFV PAT tafe da cigaban fassarar

walk with continue translation-DEF

‘In our next episode, we will present the continuation of the translation’

Original / standard form: tafiye ‘

Clipped form: tafe

Process: clipping of the last syllable -ye

The sentence presented above contains the clipped form tafe as part of the verbal form tafiye. In this form, the final part of the word -iye has been replaced by the vowel -e , the base of this form is taf. There are affixes which could be introduced to the basic form to get other forms. For example, – iya is added to form tafiya, -iyarwa added to form tafiyarwa.

In addition suffixes like – iye and -e also are added to form tafiye and tafe new form will be tafiye while – e equally

Table 4.6 Morphological description of the Hausa word “tafe”

Base Affix Word Word class Morphological Process Gloss

Taf +iya Tafiya Verb Inflection Walking

+iyarwa Tafiyarwa Verb Inflection Administering

+iye Tafiye Verb Inflection Coming

+e Tafe Verb Clipping Coming

56

(5) Qarshe mu ma ba a bar mu a baya ba wajen samun At end PL PAT NEG at leave PL at back NEG out-LNK get-LNK Matsaloli-n lafiya

Problem.P-LNK health

‘Finally, we were also not left out in the health problems faced’

Original / standard form: bari ‘leave”

Clipped form: bar

Process: clipping of the last vowel -i

The form bar in the preceding sentence is obtained from the original form bari which means “leave”. In this form the vowel –i is clipped and the resultant form bar denotes ‘to leave something’. As far as the data collected, only these words could be formed from the root of the word. This word is a standard form that cuts across all the Hausa dialects, meaning that no other form is used to represent the word “bari” (leave).

The above section presents verbal clipping in Hausa. Originally, those words are verb forms the process of clipping occurs the forms retains their meaning expected to be in verb form, after clipping it will result in some new forms but still maintain their meaning.