BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Towards a better future owards a better future for the slum for the slum dwellers dwellers

So far this dissertation has dealt with the problem, as if the solution for slum dwellers, was to be So far this dissertation has dealt with the problem, as if the solution for slum dwellers, was to be solved on an individual level. Each person, or thinking big, each community, solves their own solved on an individual level. Each person, or thinking big, each community, solves their own diffi-culties. But working towards a sustaineble solution to the problem in the longer runrequires a culties. But working towards a sustaineble solution to the problem in the longer runrequires a lar-ger planing.

ger planing.

The world bank, the governments and the NGO´s have often been accused of incompetence, The world bank, the governments and the NGO´s have often been accused of incompetence, bur-eaucrat, corruption, and most of all not being apple to perform their task. But maybe they simply eaucrat, corruption, and most of all not being apple to perform their task. But maybe they simply are not capable of solving the problem. And maybe we should start looking in new directions for are not capable of solving the problem. And maybe we should start looking in new directions for the solutions.

the solutions.

The mentioned organizations all work on the macro level. But in some cases it is much more The mentioned organizations all work on the macro level. But in some cases it is much more likely to solve the problem on a microlevel, close to the slum dweller

likely to solve the problem on a microlevel, close to the slum dweller. By increasing the slum dwell. By increasing the slum dwell--ers

ers influence on the process, the personainfluence on the process, the personal commitment and responsibility inl commitment and responsibility increases. E.g. the com-creases. E.g. the com-munity toilet block

munity toilet block and community contractors from last chapterand community contractors from last chapter..

In other cases solutions implemented on a macro level are are needed. Only on the macro level, In other cases solutions implemented on a macro level are are needed. Only on the macro level, sustainable solutions that r

sustainable solutions that require equire large investlarge investment in infrastment in infrastructure, can be planed and executed.ructure, can be planed and executed.

Four issues, that are fundamental to solve the problem in the long run:

Four issues, that are fundamental to solve the problem in the long run:

1.

1. Economical Economical . External founding of future . External founding of future upgrading is necessaryupgrading is necessary. Its is . Its is is not possible for theis not possible for the slum dwellers with the resources and capacities of today can

slum dwellers with the resources and capacities of today can fund solutions themselves.fund solutions themselves.

2.

2. Technological- and building methods. E Technological- and building methods. E ven though methods and material are reachable,ven though methods and material are reachable, further development most take

further development most take place.place.

3.

3. Energy supplies.Energy supplies. TToday most slum dwellers have no electricity. In order to oday most slum dwellers have no electricity. In order to create a descentcreate a descent infrastructure electricity are fundamental.

infrastructure electricity are fundamental.

4.

4. Educational structures.Educational structures. TTo distribute know-how and o distribute know-how and competencies an improved structure competencies an improved structure of of  knowledge sharing most be

knowledge sharing most be introduced.introduced.

(none) (none) NGO/GO

NGO/GO

Alternativ

Alternative sole sol utionution Present solution Present solution E

Eccoonnoommiiccaal l TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaal l EEnneerrggy y EEdduuccaattiioonnaall Microlevel

Microlevel MMiiccrroollooaan n MMaannuuaal l pprroodduuccttiioon n SSeellffssuuffiicceennccyy Macrolevel

Macrolevel PPrreeffaabbrriiccaattiioon n PPuubblliic c ssuupplly y OOppeen n ssoouurrccee

Slum upgrading, on microlevel in

Slum upgrading, on microlevel in a global perspectivea global perspective Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy Autumn 2009 Autumn 2009 Troels Vejby, 7I Troels Vejby, 7I

Economical solutions Economical solutions

Organizations like the World Bank, the UN and the governments are today the only organizations Organizations like the World Bank, the UN and the governments are today the only organizations that are capable of changing the conditions of the urban poor. They are all players on the global that are capable of changing the conditions of the urban poor. They are all players on the global scene on macrolevel. This means that they all work far from the poor. Attempts has been made scene on macrolevel. This means that they all work far from the poor. Attempts has been made over several decades to improve the conditions, through development aid and development loans over several decades to improve the conditions, through development aid and development loans thing have only went to the worse. So maybe the solution is to be found somewhere else.

thing have only went to the worse. So maybe the solution is to be found somewhere else.

Microfinance Microfinance

Thinking of the urban poor, not as poor, but as Thinking of the urban poor, not as poor, but as the middle class of tomorrow creates another the middle class of tomorrow creates another per-spective on the problem. The poor will be spective on the problem. The poor will be poten-ti

tial al cucuststomomerers. s. WWe e shshouould ld ththererefeforore e nonot t tatalklk about “funding” but “investing”

about “funding” but “investing”⁵¹⁵¹..

The economical theory “Bottom of the pyramid”

The economical theory “Bottom of the pyramid”

or “BoP” is about getting away from the “client”

or “BoP” is about getting away from the “client”

rel

relatation ion thathat t todtoday ay arare e infinfiltiltraratinting g our our waway y of of  thinking. This is exactly same that happened when thinking. This is exactly same that happened when the Indian slum dwellers alliance begun to take the Indian slum dwellers alliance begun to take the power in the

the power in their own hands: ir own hands: They went from “clients” to “partners”They went from “clients” to “partners”. With a . With a positive side effects.positive side effects.

IIn n 2020006 6 tthhe e NNoobebel l ppeaeacce e pprriicce e wwenent t tthhee Ban

Banglagladesdeshi hi ecoeconomnomist ist and and the the GraGrameen meen BaBanknk founder, Muhammad Yunus. He created a founder, Muhammad Yunus. He created a busi-ness where tiny amounts of money, could be lent ness where tiny amounts of money, could be lent start t

start to up o up small business, imprsmall business, improve homes, creatove homes, createe water supply or improve sanitation. Some invest water supply or improve sanitation. Some invest in a cow

in a cow, some in a , some in a shop, others in a well. All smallshop, others in a well. All small projects, but it gives the power and the initiative projects, but it gives the power and the initiative to the poor. Suddenly he or she has the power to to the poor. Suddenly he or she has the power to

51

51 http://enhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_of_the_pyramid.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_of_the_pyramid

Page 43 Page 43

  Ill. 48:Mor

  Ill. 48:More then 4billion people live at e then 4billion people live at the bottom of the bottom of thethe economical pyramid. Source: C. K. Prahalad, “The Fortune economical pyramid. Source: C. K. Prahalad, “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid”

at the Bottom of the Pyramid”

 Ill. 49:Muhammad Yunus speaking at roskilde festival 2009.

 Ill. 49:Muhammad Yunus speaking at roskilde festival 2009.

Slum upgrading, on microlevel in a

Slum upgrading, on microlevel in a global perspectiveglobal perspective Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy Autumn 2009 Autumn 2009 Troels Vejby, 7I Troels Vejby, 7I

improve their lives. So instead of waiting for NGO´s

improve their lives. So instead of waiting for NGO´s or governments, to do improve the lives of or governments, to do improve the lives of thethe urban poor, they can do it themselves. Experience has shown, that their service their loan. The urban poor, they can do it themselves. Experience has shown, that their service their loan. The ba

bank nk hahas s prprovovidided ed an an esestitimamateted d $5$5.7 .7 bibillillion on in in loaloansns, , to to momore re ththen en sisix x mimillllion ion peopeoplple e inin Bangladesh, 96 per cent of them

Bangladesh, 96 per cent of them are womanare woman⁵²⁵²..

A average loan is about $200.

A average loan is about $200.⁵³⁵³ Looking at the number from last chapter, $200 is enough to join aLooking at the number from last chapter, $200 is enough to join a toilet block to the

toilet block to the local sewage system or create three vip facilities.local sewage system or create three vip facilities.

T

Technological and buiechnological and building method lding method solutionssolutions Ac

Accorcordinding g to to KiKiraran n SaSandndhuhu, , prprofofesessosor r at at ththe e ununiviverersisity ty of of DelDelhihi, , “p“prerefafabrbricicatated ed hohoususiningg projects(...) have not been popularly applied”

projects(...) have not been popularly applied”⁵⁴⁵⁴ But how can this be? Thinking of the great resultsBut how can this be? Thinking of the great results we have achieved in the developed counties, the first thing an Indian urban planer would do, was we have achieved in the developed counties, the first thing an Indian urban planer would do, was to start experimenting with prefabrication. The answer is two folded. First of all the poverty.

to start experimenting with prefabrication. The answer is two folded. First of all the poverty.

Secondly infrastructural issues: possibilities of transportation and industrialized mass production.

Secondly infrastructural issues: possibilities of transportation and industrialized mass production.

In order to bring the third world a step further, prefabrication of building elements and In order to bring the third world a step further, prefabrication of building elements and industri-alization of the building process is needed

alization of the building process is needed. This is not just a matter of upgrading the slum, . This is not just a matter of upgrading the slum, but alsobut also because industrialized production is a great tool to limiting the unemployment. If one person can because industrialized production is a great tool to limiting the unemployment. If one person can get a job producing a house for another, he might afford a house for himself one day, what again get a job producing a house for another, he might afford a house for himself one day, what again creates a new job.

creates a new job.

The IKEA concept The IKEA concept

253 IKEA ware houses in 24 countries. Last year 565 mill. costumers paid a IKEA warehouse a 253 IKEA ware houses in 24 countries. Last year 565 mill. costumers paid a IKEA warehouse a vis-it. Why does IKEA have this massive success? Easy understandable and useful design for very low it. Why does IKEA have this massive success? Easy understandable and useful design for very low prices. All based on

prices. All based on a vast mass a vast mass production, in an area wherproduction, in an area where labour are cheap. But the greae labour are cheap. But the greatesttest force of IKEA is

force of IKEA is that they really have understood the concethat they really have understood the concept of modularity. At the bottom line thept of modularity. At the bottom line the IKEA design is like LEGO, cheap, mass produced unit pieces, that can be joined and make up a IKEA design is like LEGO, cheap, mass produced unit pieces, that can be joined and make up a powerful connection.

powerful connection.

This concept could be part of a future solution: creating a system of modules, fitting each other, This concept could be part of a future solution: creating a system of modules, fitting each other,

52

52 news.nationalgeogrnews.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061013-nobel-paphic.com/news/2006/10/061013-nobel-peace.htmleace.html 53

53 news.nationalgeogrnews.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061013-nobel-paphic.com/news/2006/10/061013-nobel-peace.htmleace.html 54

54 AmAmmemex x 99

Slum upgrading, on microlevel in

Slum upgrading, on microlevel in a global perspectivea global perspective Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy Autumn 2009 Autumn 2009 Troels Vejby, 7I Troels Vejby, 7I

that people can put together themselves with a single, simple tool, produced in the cheapest that people can put together themselves with a single, simple tool, produced in the cheapest place possible. But most often the cheapest place actually is to produce things in third world place possible. But most often the cheapest place actually is to produce things in third world countries. Using, the only

countries. Using, the only resource the slum is resource the slum is rich of, cheap manual labourrich of, cheap manual labour..

In

In ororder der to to exexpapand nd ththeir eir mamarkrketets, s, IKIKEA EA hahaveve launched the experimental project BOKLOK. The launched the experimental project BOKLOK. The concept is to mass produce, not just elements, concept is to mass produce, not just elements, but whole storey´s of houses. Designed so they fit but whole storey´s of houses. Designed so they fit the back of a truck, so it could be transported to the back of a truck, so it could be transported to the site, and added to the rest of the building, in a the site, and added to the rest of the building, in a matter of hours. The aim of the project was to matter of hours. The aim of the project was to lower the cost prices in the long run, by making lower the cost prices in the long run, by making the

the builbuildinding g prprocesocess s mormore e effeffectiective. ve. ThiThis s ideaidea carry some relevance when thinking of slum.

carry some relevance when thinking of slum.

Just as well as the key factor is transportation for Just as well as the key factor is transportation for

IKEA, in their building process, it would be the same in the slum. But here the infrastructure does IKEA, in their building process, it would be the same in the slum. But here the infrastructure does often not allow trucks, sometimes only animal driven vehicles. This sets a clearly limit to the often not allow trucks, sometimes only animal driven vehicles. This sets a clearly limit to the ex-tend of prefabrication. But still, thinking of modules, a production is possible. Modules of in- and tend of prefabrication. But still, thinking of modules, a production is possible. Modules of in- and external walls and roofs can wisely be prefabricated and transported to the site with mule driven external walls and roofs can wisely be prefabricated and transported to the site with mule driven vehicles.

vehicles.

Anot

Another her grgreat key factoeat key factor r is is to to thithink nk the localthe local needs, traditions and conditions into the design.

needs, traditions and conditions into the design.

Everything can vary from place to place so Everything can vary from place to place so think-ing local factors into the design is a absolutely ing local factors into the design is a absolutely must.

must.

One of greatest advantages of using modularity, One of greatest advantages of using modularity, is that families can develop a home subject to is that families can develop a home subject to needs that might increase in the future. The needs that might increase in the future. The hous-ing need of a family is limited to a certain amount ing need of a family is limited to a certain amount of square meters. But as it increases the family of square meters. But as it increases the family

Page 45 Page 45

 Ill. 50:The

 Ill. 50:The experimental IKEA project BOKLOK.experimental IKEA project BOKLOK.

 Ill. 51:Almost all IKEA furnitures are to be collected with a  Ill. 51:Almost all IKEA furnitures are to be collected with a  simple umbraco tool.

 simple umbraco tool.

Slum upgrading, on microlevel in a

Slum upgrading, on microlevel in a global perspectiveglobal perspective Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy Dissertation, Copenhagen Technical Academy Autumn 2009 Autumn 2009 Troels Vejby, 7I Troels Vejby, 7I

will need further space. Instead of moving to another place, and losing the social network, that will need further space. Instead of moving to another place, and losing the social network, that people desire so badly in poor communities, not to talk about all the other difficulties this leads people desire so badly in poor communities, not to talk about all the other difficulties this leads to, a family can choose to enlarge their home.

to, a family can choose to enlarge their home.

Expanding homes can by time create problems between neighbours. To think that areas with Expanding homes can by time create problems between neighbours. To think that areas with only a weak control of cadastral numbers, fights would occur between neighbours and could only a weak control of cadastral numbers, fights would occur between neighbours and could de-velop drasti

velop drasticallycally. . ExperienExperience ce show that show that people treat people treat each other each other with neighbourlinwith neighbourlinessess⁵⁵⁵⁵.. This is aThis is a important factor

important factor, since , since stronger regulation unlikely to emerge in stronger regulation unlikely to emerge in these areas.these areas.

Energy supply solutions Energy supply solutions

A key element of our transformation, from rural A key element of our transformation, from rural to industrialized society, was the use of fossil to industrialized society, was the use of fossil en-ergy. These days, because of the global warming, ergy. These days, because of the global warming, fossil energy might seem outdated, but maybe it fossil energy might seem outdated, but maybe it is not. Nuclear power seems to face a new era, of  is not. Nuclear power seems to face a new era, of  clean, safe and CO2 neutral power. The nuclear clean, safe and CO2 neutral power. The nuclear power plants can provide massive amounts of power plants can provide massive amounts of en-ergy. The Brazilian president Lula da Silva, ergy. The Brazilian president Lula da Silva,

A key element of our transformation, from rural A key element of our transformation, from rural to industrialized society, was the use of fossil to industrialized society, was the use of fossil en-ergy. These days, because of the global warming, ergy. These days, because of the global warming, fossil energy might seem outdated, but maybe it fossil energy might seem outdated, but maybe it is not. Nuclear power seems to face a new era, of  is not. Nuclear power seems to face a new era, of  clean, safe and CO2 neutral power. The nuclear clean, safe and CO2 neutral power. The nuclear power plants can provide massive amounts of power plants can provide massive amounts of en-ergy. The Brazilian president Lula da Silva, ergy. The Brazilian president Lula da Silva,