4.2. Transferencia de datos mediante Sqoop
4.3.6. Bucketing & Partitioning
The handing-over of a community forest to a CFUG involves five steps: (1) user identification; (2) CFUG formation; (3) CFUG registration; (4) community forest operational plan preparation; and (5) approval of the operational plan and hand-over of the forest as a community forest, as illustrated in Figure 2.6 (Department of Forests, 2002). Implementation, review and revision are the phases that follow the handing-over of a community forest.
Phases of Handing Over Steps Process
Operational Plan Approval and CF Handover CF Operational Plan Preparation CFUG Registration CFUG Formation CFUG Identification
Investigation Identification of forests
Identification of forest users
Negotiation
Formation of CFUG Preparation of Constitution
Registration of CFUG by DFO
Discussion with users about management options Preparation of operational plan
Approval of CF Operational Plan by DFO and handover of forest to CFUG
Implementation Implementation Implementation of Operational plan Training and other technical and
financial support by DFO
Review Review and revision of
Operational Plan
Monitoring and evaluation of CFUG performance
Feedback and management modification if required Figure 2.6: Community forest development steps and process
(Source: Department of Forests, 2002)
Users who desire to manage a forest as a community forest are required to submit an application in writing to the DFO. The DFO then deputises a technical staff member to provide technical support and other cooperation for the local community , in order to identify the forest users, form a CFUG and an executive committee and prepare the CFUG’s constitution (MFSC, 1995). The constitution of the CFUG should include in its contents the provisions mentioned in the Forest Regulations, 1995 (see Box 1 below). The executive committee, on behalf of the user group, then submits an application and
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a prepared constitution to the DFO, in order to register their CFUG. After a necessary investigation, the DFO registers the CFUG and issues a certificate of registration, as per the Forest Act, 1993 and the Forest Regulations, 1995 (MFSC, 1995). However, the DFO takes into account the distance between the forest and the village, in addition to the management capacity of the local users (who will manage the forest), before it hands-over any part of a national forest to a user group, as a community forest. Thus, the constitution is the bond that complies with the act and regulations and the conditions prescribed by the state for community forestry provisions.
Box 1: Contents of a CFUG constitution a) Name and address of the CFUG b) Objectives of the CFUG
c) Stamp of CFUG
d) Name and address of users
e) Number of households within the CFUG f) Estimated population within the CFUG
g) Roles, responsibilities and rights of the CFUG h) Formulation of executive committee
i) List of executive committee members
j) Roles, responsibilities and rights of executive committee members k) Working procedures of the executive committee
l) Methods to control forest violations
m) Provisions for the punishment of user group members who violate the operational plan
n) Working procedures to be followed whilst punishing user group members for violation of operational plan
o) Fund mobilisation procedures
p) Auditing procedures
q) Miscellaneous
Source: Adapted from MFSC (1995)
An executive committee is an executive body nominated by the user group assembly from within the group members. It represents the CFUG and it is responsible for carrying out the CFUG’s day-to-day activities, including the implementation of forest management plans and the mobilisation of the group. The committee is generally comprised of 9 – 15 members. Usually, a consensus of all users (obtained during a
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user group’s general assembly) is the most common process for nominating the executive committee. In general, an executive committee will be nominated for a period of two years. However, the same committee could be extended for another further period or it can be suspended at any time during its tenure, depending on its performance. Most records, such as financial records, meeting/assembly minutes and the record of correspondence with the DFO, are kept by the committee. It is advocated in the community forestry operational guidelines that at least 33% of the total committee members should be women and there should also be representation from all ethnicities, in addition to wealth groups, in order to raise the poor and marginalised users’ voice in the decision-making process (Department of Forests, 2002). However, such representation is still lacking in the majority of CFUGs and their committees are usually dominated by the elite members of the group (e.g., Neupane, 2003; Thoms, 2008; Winrock, 2002).
If a registered CFUG desires to take over a part of a national forest (which they traditionally depend upon for their forest product needs) as a community forest, the group should submit an application to the DFO, together with the community’s forest operational plan (see Box 2 below). Upon this request by a CFUG, DFO staff should support the CFUG to prepare their operational plan. The DFO then conducts necessary investigations into the application and makes any alterations to the operational plan that is deemed to be necessary, with the consent of the CFUG — and usually approval is then given for the plan. The DFO then hands-over the identified forest area to the CFUG as a community forest, after a contract has been signed (by both parties) that complies with the conditions prescribed by the government. Finally, the DFO issues a certificate of hand-over to the CFUG (MFSC, 1995).
Thus, at field level, the CFUG constitution and operational plan serve as the basic contract between the state and the forest user communities, for the management of community forests. The implementation of the operational plan is the major responsibility of the CFUG. However, the DFO should provide technical support to the CFUG for the sustainable management of the community forest. The DFO also has the responsibility for institutional strengthening, monitoring and evaluation of the CFUG’s performance. Based on this monitoring and evaluation, the DFO provides feedback to the CFUG, in order to improve the management of the forest and forest management modification, as required in the review and revision phases. In general, the operational plan is prepared/ approved for a period of five years and the CFUG should revise their operational plan
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and secure approval from the DFO, after that period. Again, the DFO should provide technical support to the CFUG when it revises its operational plan.
Box 2: Contents of a Community Forest Operational Plan
a) Details of the forest: name, boundaries, areas, condition of the forest and types of forest;
b) Map of the forest;
c) Block division and block details: name, boundaries, areas, aspects, slope, soil, type of forest, main species, useful species, age and situation in respect to natural regeneration;
d) Objectives of forest management; e) Methods of forest protection;
f) Forest promotion activities: thinning, pruning, cleaning and other forest promotional activities;
g) Nursery: tree plantation, income generating programme and time schedule; h) Details of areas suitable for cultivation of herbs: types and species of
such herbs, cultivation programmes and time schedule;
i) Provisions relating to use of income accruing from the sale of forest products and other sources;
j) Provisions made for penalties which may be imposed on users, pursuant to Section 29 of the Act;
k) Provisions relating to the protection of the wildlife; and l) Other matters prescribed by the Department of Forests.
x If a user group wishes to plant any cash crops (other than food crops) in the community forest without adversely affecting the crown cover and production of the main forest product, it should be mentioned in detail in the operational plan.
x The District Forest Officer should provide technical assistance and other co- operation required by a particular CFUG, in order for it to prepare an operational plan.
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