Capítulo 1: Cálculos línea aérea de media tensión
1.2. Cálculos mecánicos de la línea aérea de MT
1.2.7. Cálculo de las cimentaciones de los apoyos
The present study used ‗mini-bales‘ containing 0.1-2.5 dry kilograms of biomass. As commercial-scale baling typically packages 500+ dry kilograms per bale (Shinners et al.,
2009b; 2010), the role of the larger mass and density must be investigated. The higher
density limits the transfer of air and moisture at different depths. Farm scale bales must
108
content, dry matter loss and composition change (Shinners et al., 2007b; 2009b; 2010).
The transfer limitations can lead to different mois ture and microbial regimes within the
same bale, significantly altering the role of moisture concentration by weight. At high
densities, bale heating due to microbial respiration is a significant possibility, as heat
transfer is limited alongside mass transfer. As the generated heat can enable further
microbial activity, the role of external temperature is also altered upon large -scale
baleage (Coblentz et al., 1997; 2000; Coblentz & Hoffman, 2009a; 2009b; Turner et al.,
2002). Lastly, when biomass is baled on a commercial scale, the losses resulting from
loss of bale integrity become significant, as gathering or picking up broken or scattered
bale contents is commercially unfeasible. Thus dry matter recovery can reduce
substantially without corresponding microbial activity, if bales collapse or break, as
reported by Shinners et al (2007b) and Monti et al (2009). For these reasons, future
research must attempt to incorporate bale size (dimensions) and density into storage
analysis.
Effective biomass storage must preserve the significant fractions of biomass at minimal
cost. It is therefore important to compare the potential loss in biomass value (dollars/dry
metric ton) with the cost (dollars/dry metric ton) of storing it.
While the overall cost of harvesting and supplying cellulosic biomass for conversion into
biofuel have been researched extensively (Sokhansanj et al., 2009; Suh et al., 2011;
Brechbill et al., 2011; Judd et al., 2012), fewer studies have been carried out on storage
109
depending upon bale shape, machine configurations and storage parameters (wrapping,
surface etc.). Subsequently, Thorsell et al (2004) and Mooney et al (2012) have modeled
the costs of switchgrass storage, the latter investigating changes in selling price arising
from dry matter loss. Nevertheless, the assignation of a specific cost per dry metric ton to
store a given feedstock under specific parameters represents a knowledge gap.
Conversely, multiple means have been used to estimate the value of stored biomass, and
changes as a result of storage loss. Shinners et al examined changes in Theoretical
Ethanol Yield as a result of dry matter loss and composition change (2011), while
Mooney (2012) developed loss models for selling price fluctuations as a result of storage
loss. Value assignation on a monetary basis requires analysis or assumptions on the yields
of products that can be manufactured from the feedstock, as well as their selling price, as
was recently reported by Humbird et al (2011). While empirically determined selling
prices have been developed, based on biomass moisture content and integrity (Project
Liberty, n.d.), further development is required to develop biomass value on a dry weight
basis, so as to compare to storage cost. The development of the above metrics, when
combined with storage data, can be used to develop a database for the outcomes arising
from the storage of specific feedstocks under specific conditions.
The improvement observed in cellulose hydrolysis resulting from particle size reduction
indicates particle size as a point of further investigation. When in the micrometre range,
decreasing the particle size of input feedstock has been reported to improve the efficacy
110
(Chundawat et al., 2006; Zeng et al., 2007; Yeh et al., 2010; Khullar et al., 2013). The
role of particle size is not clear, however, as when in the centimeter range, increasing
particle size is reported to improve both pretreatment fractionation and hydrolysis yield
(Harun et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2013). Zhang et al reported the impact of particle size
reduction as possibly confounded with the changes in cellulose crystallinity resulting
from its milling (Zhang et al., 2012), although particle size reduction improved
hydrolysis and fractionation when crystallinity was controlled. Similarly, while Zeng et al
reported lower particle size as improving the cellulose reactivity, the improvement was
negated upon pretreatment. Based on these observations, the precise role of particle size
in improving biomass fractionation upon pretreatment and subsequen tly cellulose
111
111
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