Cálculo de los ciclos operativo y del efectivo

reliable information, especially from the unmarried. Even so, the anonymous format gave students an opportunity to report the experience of unintended pregnancies. Findings, presented in Table 8.1 reveal that as many as 9 percent of all sexually experienced female students (and 0.4 percent of the entire sample) had experienced an unintended pregnancy.

A somewhat larger proportion—17 percent—of sexually experienced male students reported that they had made a girl pregnant (3 percent of the entire male sample) and 4 percent reported that they had done so more than once. The outcome of most unintended pregnancies was abortion, although a few reported an ongoing pregnancy (Data not shown in tabular form).

Unintended pregnancy and abortion

Table 8.1:

Unintended pregnancy experiences reported by sexually experienced male and female students

Unintended pregnancy Female Male

(N=94) (N=224)

Ever been/made a partner pregnant (%) 8.5 16.5

Experience one pregnancy (%) 8.5 12.9

Experience more than one pregnancy (%) 0.0 3.6

Information obtained in the course of focus group discussions and especially in-depth interviews corroborate the finding that pregnancy and abortion were not unknown among students. Female students reported, for example, familiarity with the practice of abortion, including medical abortion, and several described experiences of their friends, and

sometimes themselves. Abortion was, for many, an acceptable practice and student narratives referred to the ease with which medical abortion could be obtained:

Many of our friends say that it is OK if they are having sex and if they get pregnant they will take pills to drop the baby. (Focus group discussion, undergraduate female students, MS University)

Several female students reported their own experiences; many had undergone medical abortion:

For the first six months when we started to have sex we didn’t use anything—not even pills—but then a disaster happened. I got pregnant. I had to get an abortion. No doubt my boyfriend was with me throughout but the gynaecologist gave me some pills for abortion. Believe me, it was very painful. I will never again go for abortion. Since

then we regularly use condoms. Neither of us enjoys this but we use condoms to avoid my getting pregnant again. (In-depth interview, undergraduate female student, SP University, age 18)

One morning I felt very nauseated and weak. I had also not got my periods. I told my boyfriend about my sickness and he told his landlord about the problem. His landlord knew about our relationship because he used to see me many times at my boyfriend’s place. He took us to a leading gynaecologist. I wore a sari and many bangles and we pretended to be recently married at the clinic. We also gave a wrong name at the clinic. The doctor gave me two pills for Rs 1500. After a day I was in terrible pain and the bleeding was heavy but it was ok since the problem was solved.

Since then we know the name of the tablets, we have bought them twice after this incident from the chemist nearby. (In-depth interview, undergraduate female student, SP University, age 20)

Several male reported the availability of a supportive network of friends who could be relied on to facilitate the abortion, by way of locating an appropriate provider or raising the required resources. Qualitative data suggests that several boys were well prepared to pay in case their girlfriends needed to abort the pregnancy. For example:

My friends are very supportive. They said there is no need to worry and that I should just enjoy sex. They said that if ever anything happened to my girlfriend they will find a way for abortion. They have contact with a gynaecologist who is very supportive. In the past, three of my friends had got their girlfriends’ abortions done at his clinic.

This doctor told us that getting abortions done is illegal in our country but he understands the plight of students, so he will charge less, around Rs 5000 and will keep the secret just to himself. So our group does not use condoms. We have a reserve of Rs 5000 for emergency, anyone might need it. (In-depth interview, undergraduate male student, MS University, age 21)

Well I could say around 80% of the time I use a condom. Sometimes when I do not feel like using it like if I don’t have it with me or I am not in the mood to wear it, I take the risk of pregnancy because I know that if my girlfriend gets pregnant, my expert friends are there to arrange for an abortion. (In-depth interview, undergraduate male student, Gujarat University, age 18)

Experiences of local gynaecologists and pharmacists were also sought through in-depth interviews. These interviews corroborated the suggestion that abortion was not uncommon among college students. Indeed, several providers reported that college students were among their leading clients for abortion. For example:

Most of the time my cases are college girls, I would say 80 percent of the time it’s a college-going girl, the rest 20 percent are school girls from classes 10, 11 or 12 who come for abortion. College girls come with their friends—usually her boyfriend—while the younger ones come with their mother or elder sister. (Key-informant interview, gynaecologist, practising around SP University)

I usually get 2–3 cases of college- going students for MTP a month. Some five/six years back I used to receive 8–9 cases of abortion a month from this age group but the knowledge of contraception and the availability of mifepristone and misoprostol has reduced such cases. (Key-informant interview, gynaecologist, practising around SP University)

It’s my observation that 90 percent of the girls who come to abort, come to the clinic after taking ayurvedic tablets to commence menstruation without any results. They would have also tried taking chloroquine (anti-malaria tablets), eating raw papaya or drinking a decoction of hot water and black pepper to start menstruation. I feel coming to a gynaecologist is the last option for them. (Key-informant interview, gynaecologist, practising around MS University)

Twenty five percent of my abortion clients are school-going girls, say from class 9–12, 50 percent are college-going girls and the rest are married women. (Key-informant interview, gynaecologist, practising around MS University)

I know I am not allowed to sell mifepristone and misoprostol without a doctor’s prescription but if I don’t sell, a neighbouring chemist will sell. And anyway, the doctor is going to give the same drug. I inform all users about the side effects and complications that could arise after using this drug. There is a huge commission on this drug, I don’t think its over-the-counter sale can ever be stopped. (Key-informant interview, pharmacologist, SP University)

One gynaecologist also countered the perception that the incidence of abortion increases following festival time, notably navratri. This key informant confirmed that unmarried college females sought abortion from her regularly, but argued that abortion-seeking was not seasonal:

I get around two to three cases of abortion from unmarried college-going girls every month and the figure remains more or less the same throughout the year. The media must be reporting exaggerated data for increase in abortion cases during or after festival time. None of my friends practicing in and around the city have told me about an increase in cases nor have I witnessed any such increase. (Key-Informant Interview, Gynaecologist, SP University)