Cálculo del valor del emprendimiento

King Wladyslaw II Ja ge lo vić died in 1516, ha ving ar ran ged pre vi o usly the ma ri - tal con tracts of his chil dren with the Ger man Em pe ror in Vi en na and ha ving per for - med the wed dings. His son and he ir, Lud wig II Ja ge lo vić, was ten at the ti me, and the Hun ga rian Co un cil did not ac cept the gu ar di ans cho sen by his fat her, but de sig na ted the Sta te Co un cil to exe cu te the po wer un til the King ca me of age. The lords re ma i - ned di vi ded in to the gro up sup por ting Em pe ror Ma xi mi li an as the King’s gu ar dian, and the gro up that wan ted Jo van Za po lja, the po wer ful Du ke of Transylva nia, as Go - ver nor. The re we re even bloody con fron ta ti ons among them, so the en ti re si tu a tion in Hun gary was ut terly un set tled. The lords suc ce e ded in po sting Step hen Bat hory as Pa - la ti ne, whi le the lo wer gen try ar dently sup por ted Za po lja; thus the in tri gu es la sted for a long ti me. Du ring that ti me, Ban Be ri sla vić had tro u bles, be ca u se the gen try con - stantly ca u sed pro blems, and the Turks we re in va ding Klis and Skra din in 1517. Prin - ce Ivan Kar lo vić was so en dan ge red that he of fe red three of his own towns in Cro a tia to the Ve ne ti ans in ex chan ge for so me pro per ti es in Lom bardy. The per so nal enemy of Ban and Bis hop Er de di, To ma Ba kač Er de di, Hun ga rian Pri ma te Car di nal, was in ces - santly wor king aga inst him. Cro a tia did not re ce i ved any kind of help from the ot her Hun ga rian lands. In or der to wa ne the pres su re a bit, the Ban gat he red a smal ler army in 1518 and ra i ded Bo snia, de fe a ting the Turks in one bat tle; ne vert he less, he had to re turn im me di a tely, be ca u se his for ce was too we ak for a mo re se ri o us cam pa ign. Du - ring a Tur kish in va sion in 1519, the pro per ti es of Prin ce Ivan Kar lo vić we re da ma ged

the most, but so we re the ot her Cro a tian re gi ons. “Ban Be ri sla vić was se ri o usly wor - ri ed again, and even mo re so be ca u se the mi se ra ble po pu la tion of tho se are as we re esca ping all the way to Bu da, se e king the pro tec tion and help of the ir King” (p. 341). That mass esca pe of the re ma i ning Cro a tian po pu la tion be ca me un stop pa ble and re - sul ted in the fact that al most all the Cro a ti ans had mi gra ted from Cro a tia to the north in the 16th_{cen tury. In 1520, when Ban Be ri sla vić was kil led, the Turks ra i ded Cro a tia}

se ve ral ti mes, set ting fi re and plun de ring, re ac hing Is tria du ring one in va sion and even Fur la nia du ring a la ter one.

When Sul tan Su le i man II star ted a cam pa ign aga inst Bel gra de in 1521, the Bo - snian Turks ra i ded Cro a tia and the Dal ma tian Ve ne tian towns again. The Cro a tian Ban at the ti me was Pe tar Ke glo vić. Upon the fall of Ša bac, the Turks cros sed the Sa va and pil la ged Srem and eastern Sla vo nia. Whi le the Hun ga rian lords re ma i ned with the ir arms fol ded, and whi le the King was gat he ring an army in a limp man ner, Bel gra de fell too, so the Turks set tled the re, ke e ping the towns in Srem. The next year, the re was cer tain stand still on the glo bal le vel. “Ne vert he less, a small war on the bor ders of both co un tri es was ra ging mo re fi er cely than ever, and Cro a tia in par ti cu lar suf fe red he avy da ma ges, so it se ems that the Bo snian and ot her san džaks wo uld te ar it apart and wi - pe it out com ple tely” (p. 358). Whi le the in ter nal Hun ga rian po li ti cal af fa irs we re be - ing bur de ned by the con stant in tri gu es bet we en the lords, the ba na te of Se ve rin fell in - to Tur kish hands in 1524. The qu ib bles among the gen try be ca me even fi er cer from then on, la sting un til the Bat tle of Mo hacs. No body tho ught abo ut the de stiny of Cro - a tia star ting from 1521. “It se ems as if the King was thin king of le a ving Cro a tia on ce and for all at the ti me, and that the Ve ne tian de puty Orio had spo ken the truth when he said that the King had on ce told him that Cro a tia me ant not hing to him” (p. 378). It ma de Prin ces Ivan Kar lo vić, Ber nar din Fran ko pan and Ni ko la Zrin ski – al ready stron- gly con nec ted among them sel ves thro ugh ra mi fied fa mily re la ti ons at the ti me – think abo ut the ir own de stiny to get her. The Sul tan’s de puty ca me to vi sit them on se ve ral oc - ca si ons, so at the ti me, “... the pe o ple we re mut te ring abo ut the Cro a tian lords’ bar ga - i ning with the Turks, abo ut the fu tu re sub mis sion of the en ti re Cro a tia from the Sa va to the sea to the Sul tan, and abo ut paying tri bu te to him” (p. 378). The ir re qu ests for help fell on the de af ears of the Po pe, the Hun ga ri ans and the Ve ne ti ans. In 1522, Knin sur ren de red to the Turks, upon which all the pe o ple of Skra din aban do ned the ir town, so the Turks con qu e red it com ple tely de ser ted. Then they be si e ged Klis. In the me an - ti me, the Ban at the ti me, Ivan Kar lo vić, was con fron ting the Fran ko pans of Slunj. The Austrian Ar chdu ke fi nally sent Co unt Ni ko la Slam to the re scue of the then Cro a tian Ban, Ivan Kar lo vić, so they de fen ded Bi hać and Kru pa to get her. The Turks kept ra i - ding, but they co uld not con qu er any mo re Cro a tian towns. Thus, Ar chdu ke Fer di nand ac qu i red a gre a ter re pu ta tion than the Hun ga rian King on the ter ri tory of Cro a tia. In the autumn of 1523, when he tho ught that the Turks wo uld not at tack du ring the win - ter, the Austrian Ar chdu ke wit hdrew his for ces. The Turks to ok advan ta ge of that and or ga ni sed se ve ral plun de ring cam pa igns. They suc ce e ded in con qu e ring the stra te gi - cally im por tant Ostro vi ca, and dan ge ro usly be si e ged Klis. Klis re ce i ved help from Senj, so the Turks we re de fe a ted. Still, Ud bi la suf fe red gra ve da ma ges again. In April 1524, the Turks pil la ged the lands of the fa mi li es of Kar lo vić, Zrin ski, Bla gaj ski and Fran ko pan, and pe ne tra ted in to Car ni o la.

As Kla ić wri tes, “Pre ci sely tho se last ra ids we re the re a son why the Cro a tian pe - o ple star ted le a ving the ir wretched ho me land, as con clu ded from King Lud wig’s char -

ter from 17 May 1524. With that, he let the Cro a ti ans, who co uld not li ve pe a ce fully and se cu rely in the Cro a tian King dom due to fe ar and the in ces sant Tur kish in va si ons, set tle in Hun gary on the esta te lands of Fra njo Batthyany, the King’s bu tler, and bu ild ho u ses. Whi le the pe o ple we re run ning away en mas se to mo re se cu re re gi ons, the Cro a tian gen try we re in gra ti a ting them sel ves with Ar chdu ke Fer di nand to a gre a ter ex - tent, and we re lo o king for pro tec tion from him and his go ver nors in the Austrian lands. Not only Ban Ivan Kar lo vić, but the Fran ko pan Prin ces, Prin ce Ni ko la Zrin ski and Prin ce Stje pan Bla gaj ski as well, and even the lo wer gen try, of fe red the ir ser vi ces to the men ti o ned Ar chdu ke and Ber nar din Ri čan, his Su pre me Cap tain, who had re pla - ced Co unt Ni ko la Slam” (p. 392).

Furt her mo re, apart from the then Ban Ivan Kar lo vić, King Lud wig II ap po in ted Ivan Ta hi as the Ban of Sla vo nia and Cro a tia, but the Sla vo nian and the Cro a tian gen - try ne ver re cog ni sed him. When Ta hi usur ped so me of his towns, Ivan Kar lo vić en ti - rely alig ned him self with Fer di nand, and al most all the Cro a tian no ble men fol lo wed his exam ple. In the me an ti me, the Sla vo nian no ble men we re qu ib bling among them - sel ves and usur ping the esta te lands of the de ce a sed Ser bian De spot, Fra njo Be ri sla - vić. In 1525, the King ap po in ted Fra njo Batthyany as the new Ban of Sla vo nia and Cro a tia. In the sa me year, the Turks pil la ged al most the en ti re Cro a tia, oc cupying and set ting the town of Bag, at the fo ot of Ve le bit, on fi re. “On this oc ca sion as well, many pe o ple we re ab duc ted to sla very, and many of them star ted to mi gra te to fo re ign lands. One part went to the ne ig hbo u ring island of Krk, which was un der Ve ne tian ru le; and anot her part esca ped to Italy, whe re they set tled in Apu lia, Mar chi and Abruz zo. The - re is no do ubt that the pre sent Cro a tian set tlers in the Ita lian pro vin ce of Mo li sa are the wretched de scen dants of tho se re fu ge es, be ca u se even now they men tion Prin ce Ivan Kar lo vić in the ir songs” (p. 405). The re ma i ning Cro a tian no ble men did not re cog ni - se Ban Fra njo Batthyany, but only the Austrian Ar chdu ke as the ir ma ster, so Batthyany co uld only gat her the Sla vo nian no bles.

Be fo re the gre at Tur kish raid in 1526, a hu ge num ber of the de fec tors from Ser - bia ca me to Hun gary. Among them, the most emi nent was Du ke Pa vle Ba kić. The Hun ga rian lords ho ped”... that all the de fec tors wo uld fol low Ba kić’s exam ple and that the en ti re Tur kish Bul ga ria, Ser bia and Bo snia wo uld be de ser ted in a short whi le, and con se qu ently, that the po wer of the Tur kish sta te wo uld fi nally di mi nish” (p. 418). In re gard to that, Tr pi mir Ma can adds his com ment: “Whi le many re si dents of the Cro a - tian king dom we re le a ving the ir ho me land and we re set tling in Hun gary and the Austrian lands, espe ci ally in Italy, still, the re si dents of the Tur kish Em pi re we re co - ming to the Cro a tian lands, not only the Chri sti ans, but the Mu slims as well, who we - re con ver ting to the Chri stian re li gion. Tho se new re si dents we re cal led de fec tors (pri -

beg, pre begj” (p. 418). With a hu ge army, the Turks easily oc cu pied Srem and, af ter

be si e ging Pe tro va ra din, they con qu e red it as well. Apart from the mo bi li sa tion of the for ces in Hun gary and Transylva nia, King Lud wig or de red that the en ti re Sla vo nia, in - clu ding all the serfs, sho uld ta ke up arms. Very few Cro a tian lords ap pe a red at the Bat - tle of Mo hacs, alt ho ugh the King had been ho ping to see the ce le bra ted Prin ce Kr sto Fran ko pan un til the last mo ment. He had ser ved Austrian Ar chdu ke Fer di nand in the pre vi o us bat tles, and the King had ap po in ted him as his Prin ci pal Du ke. Fran ko pan did not re spond to the King’s re qu est for mi li tary ac tion for two pro ba ble re a sons: the first was that the King had kept him in Bu da’s pri son for a short ti me be ca u se the Prin ce had hit Ar chbis hop Sal kaj whi le the Ar chbis hop was pre si ding over the sta te co un cil