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Capítulo 2. Caracterización de grafeno sobre Rh(111)

2.4. Cambios en la corrugación aparente de los patrones de moiré

2.4.2. Cálculos de primeros principios y simulaciones de STM

In the recent past, martial artists were very guarded about their

technique and many masters were convinced of the superiority of their own styles to the exclusion of all others. However, with the advent of the Internet and newfound openness in all areas of society, there has been a revolution of martial arts. Previously, some instructors would not train in other martial arts even if they knew that another art might provide better techniques for a given situation. This was often due to pride or ignorance of the other style. Now, however, forward-thinking martial artists borrow extensively from other styles.

Here is a listing and brief summary of several other main martial arts.

This is by no means a comprehensive list. Notice how many names of other martial arts contain the word ‘Do.’

Aikido: Aikido is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba (often referred to by his title 'O Sensei' or 'Great Teacher'). The main point of Aikido is to use an opponent’s own force against him. The main techniques are throws and joint locks, and there are very few strikes. Aikido also places great emphasis on discipline and has ties with many philosophies of Zen Buddhism.

Boxing: Boxing has been practiced around the world for millennia. It involves hitting another player with the fists only above the belt only.

Boxing is a modern Olympic sport but in contrast to other Asian martial arts there is not much emphasis on discipline.

Brazilian Ju-Jitsu: Brazilian Ju-Jitsu has been most famously developed by the Gracie family. It is an offshoot of Japanese Ju-Jitsu that places more emphasis on the Guard position. This art places a high value on utility and is much less formal than other martial arts. They have been incredibly innovative and their technique has improved quickly throughout the last few decades. In tournaments where various

styles compete against each other one on one, this style most clearly emerges the winner, unless strikers know enough of it to avoid takedowns and submissions.

Capoeira: Capoeira is a very interesting martial art developed in Brazil by slaves and former slaves from the Angolan region of Africa. In contrast to the other martial arts, Capoeira serves a more

all-encompassing function. The call and response songs, use of instruments such as the berimbau, and multiple forms served as the slaves’ only source of recreation, and entertainment and was a vehicle for transmission of culture.

A group of practitioners gathered around in a Roda (R is pronounced like H) and the man playing the berimbau played different tunes depending on whether the slavedrivers were around. The players changed their technique based on the rhythm he played such that they would hide or show their strikes depending on the situation.

Capoeira is very much like a dance, and uses many beautiful but less functional techniques. The fighting stance, or jenga, is different from other arts in that it is dynamic instead of static.

Hapkido: Hapkido literally means the “The art of coordinating energy.” The founder of Hapkido, Choi, Yong Sul lived in Japan and trained with Japanese Ju-Jitsu masters during the occupation.

Afterwards he returned to Korea and added more techniques from other Korean arts. Our step sparring comes from Hapkido. KAT students may also be able to get black belts in Hapkido.

Judo: Judo is a Japanese martial art developed by Jigoro Kano. It is similar to Ju-Jitsu, except that Judo took the dangerous techniques from Ju-Jitsu and ‘softened’ them. For instance, an arm break became a shoulder throw by turning the elbow. In this way they were able to train at full force without injuring each other. Judo is now a modern Olympic

sport that consists mostly of throws. Groundfighting is stopped after ten seconds.

Karate-do: Karate literally means ‘empty hand’ and it is a Japanese martial art that has developed into one of the most popular in the world.

In America, Karate schools usually compete in point sparring tournaments and are sometimes known for having excellent forms.

Kung Fu: Kung Fu is a Chinese martial art that encompasses many different styles. This is one of the oldest martial arts and it emphasizes conditioning, hand to hand grappling techniques, and sometimes acrobatic and esoteric kicks.

Muy Thai: Muy Thai, or Thai Kickboxing, is a martial art from

Thailand. It is known for its brutal elbow, knee, and shin strikes and for its forward facing fighting stance. Thai kickboxers also condition their shins and other body parts extensively to destroy nerve endings and build up calluses and strong bones.

Ninjitsu: Ninjitsu was a style popular in feudal Japan. It was practiced by a secret group of assassins who dressed in black and tried to carry out their attacks in invisibility. Although at times groups of ninjas would try to overpower a target, a ninja’s most successful attacks were the stealthiest. Often, they would simply dress in peasants’ clothes and poison a lord’s water supply or food. The most successful attack would not be seen as an attack at all, only an accident. When one imagines the fear that this caused in everyday people and the secrecy surrounding the ninja, it is no surprise that they were soon rumored to have supernatural powers. Isolated groups of people may practice Ninjitsu today, but it is a very small martial art, despite its popularity in movies.

Progress Table

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Rank

Tournament Record

Fill out the following grid after each tournament to keep a record. Go to http://www.kattaekwondo.com/bio.htm to download a spreadsheet to automatically calculate your winning percentage over time.

Tournament Date Won Lost Medals

People Competed Against

What I did Well

What I need to improve on