Terapia génica
3. Las células que expresan alelos normales se aíslan y
For the calculation of the feed demand, animal numbers were used as delivered by the ICOPP partners via the ICOPP questionnaire. The data on organic animals were delivered, however, in several units and indicators (animals slaughtered, places, counted number at a specific date, heads per year, etc.); they were therefore transformed to harmonized units/indicators as shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Base for the harmonisation of indicators and units as used for the calculation of the de- mand of feed, crude protein, lysine, methionine and cysteine
Species Indicator/Unit Calculation
Pigs
Breeding
sows
Litter per year
(No./year)
If not indicated otherwise in the questionnaire, we calculated with an
average of 2 litters per sow and year. Fattening
pigs
Fattening pigs slaugh‐
tered per year
(No./year)
For most countries the number of slaughtered animals was reported in
the questionnaire.
For both Austria and the UK, the number of places was reported. This
was converted into slaughtered pigs, using the following formulas: Aus‐
tria: turnaround of 2.4 fattening pigs per place; UK: turnaround of 2.8
fattening pigs per place. Gilts Raised gilts per year
(No./year)
If the number of raised gilts was not indicated in the questionnaire their
number was calculated using the annual replacement rate for breeding
sows. On average, across the ICOPP countries, 30 to 50 percent of the
breeding sows are replaced each year. Weaners Raised weaners per
year (No./year)
It was assumed that the number of weaners corresponds to 106% of the
fattening pigs. We assumed that each fattening pig was also a weaner,
and 6% were added for gilts, losses, etc.)
Poultry
Broilers Broilers slaughtered
per year (No./year)
For most countries the number of slaughtered animals was shown in the
questionnaire.
For countries, which did not supply the number of slaughtered animals,
we assumed a turnaround quote between 4.15 and 4.55 per ‘animal
place’ or ‘counted animal heads at a specific date’ depending on the
country.
Laying hens Laying hen places (No) For most countries, the number of places was reported in the question‐
naire.
In the case of the numbers provided by Eurostat, where the laying hen
number includes the rearing pullets, we assumed that 70 percent of
these laying hen places. Rearing
pullets
Number of raised
rearing pullets per
year (No./year)
Some countries reported the number of rearing pullets.
Where only a total number of laying hens was reported, it was assumed
that the number of rearing pullets raised annually corresponded to the
number of laying hens.
Cattle
Dairy cows Number of dairy cows
(No.)
No transformation needed
Suckler cows Number of suckler
cows in Livestock
Units (LSU)
One suckler cow corresponds to 0.8 livestock units.
6.4.2 Calculation of concentrate feed, crude protein, and essential amino acid
demand
For livestock an average concentrate feed, crude protein, and amino acid demand per single unit (e.g. “one fattening pig”) was estimated. It should be noted that for certain units these de- mands had to be adjusted to the countries’ feeding practices:
Breeding sows
The concentrate feed, protein, and amino acid demand for breeding sows was determined using the feeding recommendations and nutritive value tables of the Swiss Agroscope Liebefeld Posieux (ALP 2004). These feeding recommendations of ALP were used for all countries, in- cluding, however, suggestions for modifications made by the ICOPP partners.
The 42 days of lactation period and 140.5 days of non-lactation period (empty/non pregnant and gestation) are included in the calculations.
Table 6: Basic assumptions for the demand of concentrate feed, crude protein, lysine and methio- nine and cysteine for breeding sows
Species Unit Feed DM [kg] CP [kg ] Lys [kg] Met [kg] Met + Cys [kg]
Breeding sows per litter 671 110 5.13 1.88 3.74
Source: ALP 2004, modified by FiBL/ICOPP partners
Fattening pigs
The feed, protein, and amino acid demand for fattening pigs was determined using the feeding recommendations of the Swiss Agroscope Liebefeld Posieux (ALP 2004).
Table 7: Basic assumptions for the demand of concentrate feed, crude protein, lysine, methionine and cysteine for fattening pigs
Species Country Slaughter weight [kg] Age at slaughter [Days] Feed DM [kg] CP [kg ] Lys [kg] Met [kg] Met + Cys [kg]
Fattening pigs Austria 125 220 280 52 2.63 0.782 1.55
Denmark 102 171 235 39 2.24 0.722 1.43 Finland 225 280 52 2.63 0.782 1.55 France 120 190 280 52 2.63 0.782 1.55 Germany 125 280 52 2.63 0.782 1.55 Lithuania 125 220 280 52 2.63 0.782 1.55 Nether‐ lands 117.5 200 280 52 2.63 0.782 1.55 Sweden 280 52 2.63 0.782 1.55 Switzer‐ land 125 220 280 52 2.63 0.782 1.55 United Kingdom 100 182 235 39 2.24 0.722 1.43
These feeding recommendations and nutritive value tables of ALP were used for all countries, including, however, suggestions for modifications made by the ICOPP partners.
For Denmark and the United Kingdom the numbers (Table 7) were adjusted because of lower age and/or lower average weight of fattening pigs at slaughter.
Gilts
The feed, protein, and amino acid demand for gilts was determined using the feeding recom- mendations of the Swiss Agroscope Liebefeld Posieux (ALP 2004).
These feeding recommendations and nutritive value tables of ALP were used for all countries, including, however, suggestions for modifications made by the ICOPP partners.
Table 8: Basic assumptions for the demand concentrate feed, crude protein, lysine, methionine and cysteine for fattening pigs
Species Unit Feed DM [kg] CP [kg ] Lys [kg] Met [kg] Met + Cys [kg]
Gilts per head 254 40 2.33 0.75 1.49
Source: ALP 2004, modified by FiBL/ICOPP partners
Weaners
The concentrate feed, crude protein, and amino acid demand for weaners was determined us- ing the feeding recommendations of the Swiss Agroscope Liebefeld Posieux (ALP 2004, p. 55, ALP-Fütterungsempfehlungen und Nährwerttabellen für Schweine“).
These feeding recommendations and nutritive value tables of ALP were used for all countries, including, however, suggestions for modifications made by the ICOPP partners.
It was assumed that a pig is a weaner for 84 days, and that in the first 5 to 6 weeks the main feed intake is milk from the sow, with a small amount of additional feed in the 6th week. The suckling period was therefore not considered in the calculation for the feed demand.
Table 9: Basic assumptions for the demand of concentrate feed, crude protein, lysine, methionine and cysteine for weaners
Species Unit Feed DM [kg] CP [kg ] Lys [kg] Met [kg] Met + Cys [kg]
Weaners per head 27.4 5.26 0.36 0.115 0.232
Source: ALP 2004, modified by FiBL/ICOPP partners
Broilers
Demand was calculated according to Bellof and Schmidt (2005; “Broiler production with 100 percent organic feed is possible”) and for France according to Leroyer and Lubac (2009). As broilers in France are kept until much older, about 115 days instead of 56 to 80 days in most other European countries, the demand was adjusted upwards.
Table 10: Basic assumptions for the demand of concentrate feed, crude protein, lysine, methio- nine and cysteine for broilers
Species Unit Feed DM
[kg]
CP [kg ] Lys [kg] Met [kg] Met + Cys
[kg]
Broilers Per slaugh‐
tered animal
Other
countries
4.87 1.07 0.052 0.019 0.042
France 6.03 1.3 0.063 0.023 0.051
Source: FiBL elaboration based on Bellof and Schmidt (2005) and Leroyer and Lubac (2009).
Laying hens
For the calculation of concentrate feed, protein, and amino acid, the Layer management guide of Lohmann was used. The same figures were used for all countries.
Table 11: Basic assumptions for the demand of concentrate feed, crude protein, lysine, methio- nine and cysteine for broilers
Species Unit Feed DM [kg] CP [kg ] Lys [kg] Met [kg] Met + Cys [kg]
Laying hen One place 41.86 6.923 0.301 0.142 0.265
Source: FiBL elaboration based on Lohmann (no year)
Rearing pullets
For the calculation of concentrate feed, protein, and amino acid, the Layer management guide of Lohmann of used. The same figures were used for all countries.
Table 12: Basic assumptions for the demand of concentrate feed, crude protein, lysine, methio- nine and cysteine for rearing pullets
Species Unit Feed DM [kg] CP [kg ] Lys [kg] Met [kg] Met + Cys [kg]
Rearing pullet Per head 6.864 1.169 0.058 0.025 0.047
Source: FiBL elaboration based on Lohmann (no year)
Dairy cows
Only the concentrate feed part (energy and protein feed) of the dairy cow diet was included for the calculation of the feed and protein demand of cattle. Amino acids were calculated in order to get a complete picture of amino acids use, even though they are not essential for dairy cows. As the percentage of concentrate feed varies from country to country, from only 10 percent in Switzerland to up to 40 percent in Sweden, the demand was adjusted for each country.
In order to calculate the demand for concentrate feed, the data of Wiesinger (2008) was applied, using the data for the 3rd and 4th lactation (7,000 kg milk per year), based on Wiesinger’s recommendations that concentrate feed (energy and protein feed) corresponds to
Table 13: Basic assumptions for the demand of concentrate feed for dairy cows in the ICOPP countries
Country
Austria For Austria, the basic calculation from Wiesinger (2008) was applied. Denmark About 30% compound feed, calculated from the base calculation.
Finland Total feed is about 6500 kg DM, 30% are cereals, and 5% protein feed, mainly
rapeseed cake (in total about 35% feed).
France About 1040 kg DM concentrate feed, which is about 16% of total feed
(6500kg DM) with 18% protein content.
Germany With farms similar to Austria in the south and high output farms in the north,
20% concentrate feed was assumed.
Lithuania 20% concentrate feed assumed.
Netherlands ~1370 kg concentrate feed. Main components are wheat 25%, barley 25%,
and sunflower expeller cake 10%. The protein content varies between 140
(B‐pellet) and 160 (A‐pellet) gram per kg.
Sweden Up to 40 % is concentrate feed; the calculation base from Finland was used.
Switzerland 10% concentrate feed
United Kingdom About 1525 kg DM concentrate feed with about 18% protein content.
Source: FiBL elaboration based information from the ICOPP partners
Table 14: Basic assumptions for the calculation of the demand of feed, crude protein, lysine, me- thionine and cysteine for dairy cows (only for concentrate feed)
Species Country Unit
Concentrate
feed DM
[kg]
CP [kg ] Lys [kg] Met [kg] Met + Cys
[kg]
Dairy cows Austria Per head and year 883 112 3.737 1.83 4.423
Denmark 1765 223 7.475 3.66 8.846 Finland 2275 330 14.435 5.514 14.399 France 1042 187 8.47 2.87 6.6 Germany 1177 149 4.983 2.44 5.897 Lithuania 1177 149 4.983 2.44 5.897 Sweden 2275 332 14.476 5.535 14.461 Switzerland 588 75 2.492 1.22 2.949 United Kingdom 1525 274 12.696 9.736 5.897 Netherlands 1370 200 7.67 3.36 8.2