Código Europeo de Comunicaciones Electrónica (CECE)

A comparison of linkage maps of the com-mon and adzuki bean shows that QTL for seed length and pod length on LG 7 of the common bean are present in almost the same region on LG of adzuki bean. QTL for pod and growth habit detected on LG7 in adzuki bean were, however, not detected on LG B5 of common bean. Using populations derived from crosses between cowpea and wild cowpea and mung bean and wild mung bean, two and four QTL for seed weight, respectively, were reported (Fatokun et al., 1992), and a significant correspondence was observed between linkage groups in the two crops. In this study, QTL for seed weight was detected on linkage group 1 at a location cor-responding to that of a QTL for this trait on linkage group II in cowpea and mung bean.

Thus seed weight QTL appears to be con-served among these three species. QTL for seed weight were also detected at similar locations on adzuki bean linkage group 9 and mung bean linkage group I. Although the QTL with the largest effect for seed weight was detected on the LG2 in adzuki bean, no QTL was detected on the linkage groups cor-responding to this linkage group in cowpea and mung bean suggesting that QTL on LG VI of cowpea, III and VI of mung bean and 8 of adzuki bean appear to be specific to these crops. These results suggest that the main genome regions related to increased seed weight under domestication do not

Domestication 29

spond among these related species, despite high homology between the linkage groups.

In adzuki bean, seed weight in cultivated taxa is about eight times that of the wild parent. In contrast, seed weight in cultivated and wild parents of crosses analysed for both cowpea and mung bean exhibited only a fivefold dif-ference (Fatokun et al., 1992). Adzuki bean has the largest seed for the cultivated Asian Vigna (Tomooka et al., 2000). It seems that increase in seed size compared with cowpea and mung bean involves different loci.

In soybean (tribe Phaseolae) a QTL detected for seed weight by Maughan et al.

(1996) corresponds to LG1 in adzuki bean.

However, this RFLP marker was well sepa-rated from the molecular makers associated with seed weight variation in adzuki bean, mung bean and cowpea.

In Pisum sativum L. (tribe Vicieae), a QTL for seed weight was also detected in the region that corresponds to the region with seed weight QTL on LG1 of adzuki bean and II of cowpea and mung bean based on RFLP comparison (Timmerman-Vaughan et al., 1996). Therefore, it seems that this region has been conserved across the Leguminosae and plays an important role in increasing seed size.

Weeden et al. (1992), in an intercross of L. ervoides × lentil, found that in eight regions linkage among marker loci appeared to be conserved between lentil and pea.

The observed synteny between lentils and pea could foster genetic studies in lentils.

Microsyntenic relationships between lentils and the model legume Medicago trunculata were established by Phan et al. (2006). The integration of present knowledge on len-til genetic maps in a consensus map, also including information from other legumes such as pea (Weeden et al., 1992), could serve as a groundwork for future studies in lentil genetics and genomics (Ford et al., 2007).

This knowledge would surely provide a powerful tool for filling the gap in lentil breeding and at the same time provide more information on the genetics of lentil domes-tication, and thus insight into origins of this crop that the present fragmented knowledge is unable to do. It was revealed that, despite many parallels in the modifications during

domestication between pea and common bean, no genes that were involved in the domestication of both crops were identified.

Problems with seed dispersal, growth habit, earliness, seed quality and seed pigmenta-tion all appear to involve different suites of genes in pea compared with bean. The case for seed dormancy, gigantism and particu-larly the loss of photoperiod sensitivity is less clear, and may involve homologous or orthologous sequences. Resolution of these issues will probably require the identifi-cation of the coding sequence of the gene affected in one crop followed by mapping of that sequence in the other. However, it is encouraging from a breeder’s perspec-tive to find that there are at least several ways to modify unwanted characters such a pod dehiscence and plant habit, and pos-sibly avoid some of the detrimental effects accompanying the substitution of certain alleles for others.

2.11 Conclusion

In this chapter it has been made clear that the domestication of food legumes has been a long journey for some of the legumes such as soybean, pea, adzuki bean, common bean and cowpea, which applies to most crops in general. This has been the case prima-rily because of the lack of tools that could quicken the process. In future, the domesti-cation and evolution of pulses is envisaged as being shorter, due to the availability of research tools and the immense pressure being exerted by climate change effects and the ever-increasing demand for more food resources. Furthermore, there is always a need to do research on the little-known legume plants of the world, as these may hold the key to solving some of the prob-lems of inhabitants of harsh environments.

However, the availability of funding for such programmes remains a real challenge.

One of the broader impacts of the domestica-tion of legumes will be the availability of a new crop alternative for resource-poor farm-ers in southern Africa and other arid regions of the world.

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©CAB International 2011. Biology and Breeding of Food Legumes

(eds A. Pratap and J. Kumar) 35

3.1 Introduction

Food legumes, because of their most prominent biological features and ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen due to the presence of bacteria in their root nodules, provide ample justification for their significant involvement in major crop improvement programmes throughout the world. This group of crops is important for sustainable agricultural pro-duction in areas where double cropping has become a must to provide nutritional and food security to an increasing human popula-tion. With some 20,000 species, the legumes are the third largest family of higher plants.

Fabaceae/Leguminosae is a large family (about 700 genera and 18,000 species), and is nearly ubiquitous over temperate and tropical parts of the world (Polhill and Raven, 1981).

Many agronomically important plants are members of this family and are second only to cereal crops in agricultural importance with regard to area coverage and total pro-duction. In 2004, more than 300 million t of

Many agronomically important plants are members of this family and are second only to cereal crops in agricultural importance with regard to area coverage and total pro-duction. In 2004, more than 300 million t of

In document Universidad de Granada Facultad de Derecho (página 168-172)