ESTOS CÓDIGOS MENTALES NO SÓLO SE PUEDEN EXPERIMENTAR EN ESTA MARCA Y OTRAS MARCAS MUY

a) Relieve severe pain b) Induce loss of sensation

c) Reduce anxiety and exert a calming effect d) Induce a stupor or somnolent state 002. Second-order pain is:

a) Sharp, well-localized pain b) Dull, burning pain

c) Associated with fine myelinated A-delta fibers d) Effectively reduced by non-narcotic analgesics

003. Chemical mediators in the nociceptive pathway are all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Enkephalins b) Kinins

c) Prostaglandins d) Substance P

004. Indicate the chemical mediator in the antinociceptive descending pathways:

a) BETA-endorphin b) Met- and leu-enkephalin c) Dynorphin

d) All of the above

005. 5. Which of the following mediators is found mainly in long descending pathways from the midbrain to the dorsal horn?

a) Prostaglandin E b) Dynorphin c) Enkephalin d) Glutamate

006. Select the brain and spinal cord regions, which are involved in the transmission of pain?

a) The limbic system, including the amygdaloidal nucleus and the hypothalamus b) The ventral and medial parts of the thalamus

c) The substantia gelatinosa d) All of the above

007. Mu (μ) receptors are associated with:

a) Analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence b) Spinal analgesia, mydriasis, sedation, physical dependence

c) Dysphoria, hallucinations, respiratory and vasomotor stimulation d) Analgesia, euphoria, respiratory stimulation, physical dependence

008. Which of the following opioid receptor types is responsible for euphoria and respiratory depression?

a) Kappa-receptors b) Delta-receptors c) Mu-receptors d) All of the above

009. Indicate the opioid receptor type, which is responsible for dysphoria and vasomotor stimulation:

a) Kappa-receptors b) Delta-receptors c) Mu-receptors d) All of the above 010. Kappa and delta agonists:

a) Inhibit postsynaptic neurons by opening K⁺ channels

b) Close a voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels on presynaptic nerve terminals c) Both a and b

d) Inhibit of arachidonate cyclooxygenase in CNS

011. Which of the following supraspinal structures is implicated in pain-modulating descending pathways?

a) The midbrain periaqueductal gray b) The hypothalamus

c) The aria postrema d) The limbic cortex

012. Indicate the neurons, which are located in the locus ceruleus or the lateral tegmental area of the reticular formation:

a) Dopaminergic b) Serotoninergic c) Nonadrenergic d) Gabaergic

013. Which of the following analgesics is a phenanthrene derivative?

a) Fentanyl b) Morphine c) Methadone d) Pentazocine

014. Tick narcotic analgesic, which is a phenylpiperidine derivative:

a) Codeine b) Dezocine c) Fentanyl d) Buprenorphine

015. Which of the following opioid analgesics is a strong mu receptor agonist?

a) Naloxone b) Morphine c) Pentazocine d) Buprenorphine

016. Indicate the narcotic analgesic, which is a natural agonist:

a) Meperidine b) Fentanyl c) Morphine d) Naloxone

017. Select the narcotic analgesic, which is an antagonist or partial mu receptor agonist:

a) Fentanyl b) Pentazocine c) Codeine d) Methadone

018. Which of the following agents is a full antagonist of opioid receptors?

a) Meperidine b) Buprenorphine c) Naloxone d) Butorphanol

019. The principal central nervous system effect of the opioid analgesics with affinity for a mu receptor is:

a) Analgesia

b) Respiratory depression c) Euphoria

d) All of the above

020. Which of the following opioid analgesics can produce dysphoria, anxiety and hallucinations?

a) Morphine b) Fentanyl c) Pentazocine d) Methadone

021. Indicate the opioid analgesic, which has 80 times analgesic potency and respiratory depressant properties of morphine, and is more effective than morphine in maintaining hemodynamic stability?

a) Fentanyl b) Pentazocine c) Meperidine d) Nalmefene

022. Which of the following opioid analgesics is used in combination with droperidol in neuroleptanalgesia?

a) Morphine b) Buprenorphine c) Fentanyl d) Morphine

023. Fentanyl can produce significant respiratory depression by:

a) Inhibiting brain stem respiratory mechanisms

b) Suppression of the cough reflex leading to airway obstruction c) Development of truncal rigidity

d) Both a and c

024. Most strong mu receptor agonists cause:

a) Hypertension

b) Increasing the pulmonary arterial pressure and myocardial work

c) Cerebral vasodilatation, causing an increase in intracranial pressure d) All of the above

025. Which of the following opioid analgesics can produce an increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure and myocardial work?

a) Morphine b) Pentazocine c) Meperidine d) Methadone

026. Morphine causes the following effects EXCEPT:

a) Constipation

b) Dilatation of the biliary duct c) Urinary retention

d) Bronchiolar constriction

027. Therapeutic doses of the opioid analgesics:

a) Decrease body temperature b) Increase body temperature c) Decrease body heat loss d) Do not affect body temperature

028. Which of the following opioid analgesics is used in obstetric labor?

a) Fentanyl b) Pentazocine c) Meperidine d) Buprenorphine

029. Indicate the opioid analgesic, which is used for relieving the acute, severe pain of renal colic:

a) Morphine b) Naloxone c) Methadone d) Meperidine

030. Which of the following opioid analgesics is used in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema?

a) Morphine b) Codeine c) Fentanyl d) Loperamide

031. The relief produced by intravenous morphine in dyspnea from pulmonary edema is associated with reduced:

a) Perception of shortness of breath b) Patient anxiety

c) Cardiac preload (reduced venous tone) and afterload (decreased peripheral resistance) d) All of the above

032. Rhinorrhea, lacrimation, chills, gooseflesh, hyperventilation, hyperthermia, mydriasis, muscular aches, vomiting, diarrhea, anxiety, and hostility are effects of:

a) Tolerance

b) Opioid overdosage

c) Drug interactions between opioid analgesics and sedative-hypnotics d) Abstinence syndrome

033. The diagnostic triad of opioid overdosage is:

a) Mydriasis, coma and hyperventilation b) Coma, depressed respiration and miosis c) Mydriasis, chills and abdominal cramps d) Miosis, tremor and vomiting

034. Which of the following opioid agents is used in the treatment of acute opioid overdose?

a) Pentazocine b) Methadone c) Naloxone d) Remifentanyl

035. Indicate the pure opioid antagonist, which has a half-life of 10 hours:

a) Naloxone b) Naltrexone c) Tramadol d) Pentazocine

036. In contrast to morphine, methadone:

a) Causes tolerance and physical dependence more slowly b) Is more effective orally

c) Withdrawal is less severe, although more prolonged

d) All of the above

037. Which of the following opioid analgesics is a partial mu receptor agonist?

a) Morphine b) Methadone c) Buprenorphine d) Sufentanyl

038. Indicate a partial mu receptor agonist, which has 20-60 times analgesic potency of morphine, and a longer duration of action:

a) Pentazocine b) Buprenorphine c) Nalbuphine d) Naltrexone

039. Which of the following opioid analgesics is a strong kappa receptor agonist and a mu receptor antagonist?

a) Naltrexone b) Methadone c) Nalbuphine d) Buprenorphine

040. Which of the following drugs has weak mu agonist effects and inhibitory action on norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in the CNS?

a) Loperamide b) Tramadol c) Fluoxetine d) Butorphanol