Cómo es una princesa. La mirada de los niños y las niñas

The category of quantity adjectives was not included in Fjeld‘s classification. However, their presence in the corpus has been studied because they are mentioned in Mellikoff‘s list and they contribute to vagueness in the resolutions analysed.

A good predictor for subjectivity of quantitative adjectives is gradability, due to the relativism in interpretation of gradable words. Gradability is the semantic property that enables a word to participate in comparative structures and to accept modifying expressions that act as intensifiers or diminishers (Sapir 1944). Gradable adjectives express various degrees and they are related to a norm either explicitly or implicitly expressed by the noun. They can combine with a degree phrase (e.g.

very), a comparative morpheme, or, in the case of a bare positive construction, with a phonologically null degree morpheme (see Kennedy 2007)⁷³. Typical gradable adjectives are scalar adjectives. They do not strictly subdivide a domain: there is a range of values of the variable property lying between those covered by the opposite terms which do not apply properly to either of the two. Table 32 below shows the quantity adjectives retrieved from SCRIraq1:

Quantity Adjectives Used in SCRIraq1 Quantity Adjectives Frequency

Additional 7

73 For further information http://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/zFkZGUzZ/vaguenessandgrammar-final.pdf (Last accessed: June 2011).

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All 88

Broader 1

Many 2

Most 3

Remaining 2

Residual 1

Sufficient 1

Table 32: Quantity adjectives used in SCRIraq1

One of the most used quantity adjectives in the corpus is ‗additional‘. Its use in resolutions belonging to SCRIraq1 allows dealing with possible future situations which can only be hypothesized at the drafting stage. As a matter of fact, its co-occurrence is mainly with words belonging to the field of future expenses, as can be seen in Table 33 below and subsequent examples, containing the co-occurrences of ‗additional‘.

Clusters of „Additional‟ in SCRIraq1

Rank Frequency Clusters

1 1 additional authorities, which shall be binding 2 1 additional full voting member a duly

3 1 additional functions with the necessary coordination 4 1 additional funds available, including from the

5 1 additional operational and administrative costs resulting 6 1 additional shipping, transportation and storage costs 7 1 additional task of observing Member States

Table 33: Clusters of ‗additional‘

(115) 4. Authorizes the Secretary-General and representatives designated by him to undertake as an urgent first step, and with the necessary coordination, the following measures:

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(g) to use […] funds deposited in the accounts created pursuant to paragraphs 8 (a) and (b) of resolution 986 (1995), as necessary and appropriate, to compensate suppliers and shippers for agreed additional shipping, transportation and storage costs incurred […];

(h) to meet additional operational and administrative costs resulting from the implementation of the temporarily modified Programme by the funds in the escrow account established pursuant to paragraph 8 […]. (S/RES/1472 (2003))

(116) 6. Expresses further its readiness to consider making additional funds available, including from the account created pursuant to paragraph 8 (c) of resolution 986 (1995), on an exceptional and

reimbursable basis, to meet further the humanitarian needs of the people of Iraq […].

(S/RES/1472 (2003))

While granting the financial needs for operations in Iraq, the use of vague quantity expressions such as

‗additional‘ can also trigger criminal offences: the open- endedness of the clauses and the indefinite quantity of funds that can be requested could also enhance illicit use and appropriations of funds.

Without further specifications on amounts, the indeterminacy of the word could have easily given rise to speculation. Actually, the Coalition was widely criticised for failing to implement adequate financial controls and of failing to make expenditures from the Development Fund for Iraq in an open and transparent manner.

Another expression of quantity giving potentially unlimited power to the Secretary-General can be found in paragraph 11 of S/RES/1472 (2003): ―all measures required.‖ Other expressions of all-inclusiveness are ‗all necessary measures‘ and ‗all necessary means‘. There are 88 occurrences of ‗all‘

in the corpus; however these combinations cited above have a particular importance, as they employ coded language that appears to mean many indeterminate things to the general population but have a more specific meaning for a targeted subgroup of the audience. What seem to be indeterminate claims of all-inclusiveness expressed by ―all necessary means‖ or ―all measures required‖ actually allude to war:

(117) 11. Requests the Secretary-General to take all measures required for the implementation of the present resolution and to report to the Security Council prior to the termination of the period defined in paragraph 10 […]. (S/RES/1472 (2003))

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(118) Recalling that its resolution 678 (1990) authorized Member States to use all necessary means to uphold and implement its resolution 660 (1990) of 2 August 1990 and all relevant resolutions subsequent to resolution 660 (1990) and to restore international peace and security in the area, United Nations […]. (S/RES/1441 (2002))

―Broadly representative‖ is another expression of quantity included in the corpus. In the aftermath of war, the UN welcomed the establishment of a broadly representative government, reflecting the diverse composition of the Iraqi people, regardless of religious sects or ethnic backgrounds:

(119) 1. Welcomes the establishment of the broadly representative Governing Council of Iraq on 13 July 2003, as an important step towards the formation by the people of Iraq of an internationally

recognized, representative government that will exercise the sovereignty of Iraq […].

(S/RES/1500 (2003))

Some issues have emerged related to the adjective ‗broadly‘. On 13 July 2003, the Broadly Representative Iraqi Governing Council was formed, its 25 members were appointed by the occupation authorities, who had consulted with the major anti-Saddam groups that had worked with Washington before the Iraq war. The UN representative in Iraq, Sergio Vieira de Mello, killed August 19, 2003, also advised on the Council‘s makeup. The ethnic and religious makeup of this first Governing Council was far more representative than any previous Iraqi government, and the Shiite majority, for the first time in Iraqi history, had a leading voice in politics. The Council also included representatives not closely aligned with American views (including a communist and at least one Shiite representative whose group has ties with Iran), and three members were women.

However, the broadness of this Council has been also criticised because returned Iraqi exiles were disproportionately represented and there was limited representation of tribal leaders, who represent a potent force in traditional Iraqi society. The Council lacked legitimacy with ordinary Iraqis, who did not view it as independent of occupying authorities. Thus, in this case the expression

‗broadly‘ resulted to be rather questionable for its subjective interpretation⁷⁴.

74For further discussion see http://www.cfr.org/publication/7665/iraq.html (Last accessed: June 2011).

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Typical vague quantity adjective is ‗many‘. This adjective belongs to the scalar adjectives group and it is used here because of its indefiniteness, which is functional to the meaning it wants to convey in these paragraphs, as further specification in numeral terms is not possible in numeral terms.

However, its use seems to be quite awkward and unexpected in diplomatic/legal texts:

(120) Concerned that many Kuwaitis and Third-State Nationals still are not accounted for since 2 August 1990 […]. (S/RES/1483 (2003))

(121) 28. Welcomes the commitments of many creditors, including those of the Paris Club, to identify ways to reduce substantially Iraq‘s sovereign debt, calls on Member States, as well as international and regional organizations, to support the Iraq reconstruction effort, urges the international financial institutions and bilateral donors to take the immediate steps necessary to provide their full range of loans and other financial assistance and arrangements to Iraq […].(S/RES/1546 (2004))

A last adjective of quantity questionable for its vagueness in its use in the corpus is ‗sufficient‘, as can be seen in the following example:

(122) – Security of UNMOVIC and IAEA facilities shall be ensured by sufficient United Nations security guards […]. (S/RES/1441 (2002))

The problem in the use of ‗sufficient‘ here is due to the fact that there Iraq has been required to accept this resolution allowing foreign military presence in its territory, with no further specification of the actual number of the security ‗guards‘ nor of the concrete action they would have had in the territory.