Calidad en educación

In general, spending on public services in Nigeria is relatively progressive (the distribution of public services are more evenly distributed than the income) but is not pro-poor. There is marked disparity between access to these services in rural and urban areas, with urban areas having more than 50 percent of the share of the spending on the public services considered in this study. There are also regional inequalities in the share of these public services. The south has a greater share of spending on primary schools, secondary schools and vaccinations than the north, while the north has a greater share of spending on prenatal and postnatal consultation, water and electricity than the south.

An analysis of the marginal benefit of incidence of spending on public services in Nigeria indicates that the poorest group will benefit more from an increase in spending on public services which they are already relatively more likely to use. This is the case for primary school enrolment, secondary school enrolment, child vaccination, prenatal consultation and access to electricity.

A number of recommendations can be made on the basis of this paper. Generally speaking, there is a need for pro-poor policies so that the poor can benefit sooner from improved access to public services in Nigeria. The goal of having pro-poor development policy requires that equity should be a central consideration when financing development strategies in order to reach the most disadvantaged groups in Nigeria. This can be done in Nigeria by spending more in rural areas to expand access to these social services. Regional disparities can be bridged by having greater increases to educational opportunities and vaccination programmes in the northern parts of Nigeria and devoting more resources to expanding access to prenatal and postnatal consultations as well as infrastructure in the south. It may also be necessary to have an independent ministry of water resources, rather than the present situation of an integrated Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, in order to enhance the performance of the ministry of water resources. Aside from the provision of vaccines and health care facilities to the areas which are most in need, such as rural areas, it is also necessary to educate the populace on the important role of vaccinations and postnatal care in combating infant and maternal mortality, particularly since Nigeria unfortunately scores second highest in the world for these two indicators. The current National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) should be designed to make provisions for every Nigerian to be covered for all preventive health care such as prenatal and postnatal consultations.

The recent 10% increase in electricity rates in Nigeria may further harm access to electricity, especially in rural areas where access is already low. Special electricity rates can be designed for rural dwellers so that they can make use of this service.

Finally, we recommend that the scope of this study be enlarged by including behavioural responses in the analysis of the marginal benefit incidence. This may necessitate the use of panel data when they become available. This study can be extended further by estimating the marginal benefit incidence of public spending on other publicly provided goods such as roads, telecommunications, etc. The spatial analysis based on the 36 states plus the FCT may also be important to determine the state-specific marginal benefit of incidences of public expenditure. This may necessitate disaggregated data on the Local Government Areas in each of the states or panel data from each state.

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