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Becher, H., S.J., “Gottesbegriff und Gottesbeweis bei Wilhelm von Ockham,” Scholastik 3, 1927, pp. 369-93.

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_____. “Ockham’s Theory of Supposition and the Notion of Truth,” Franciscan Studies, 1946, pp. 261-92.

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_____. “The Metaphysics of William of Ockham,” The Re-view of Metaphysics I, 1948, pp. 59-86.

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Bréhier, E., Histoire de la Philosophie, T. I. Paris. Félix Alcan, 1928.

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Canella, G., Il Nominalismo e Guglielmo di Occam. Firenze, 1907.

Copleston, F., A History of Philosophy, V. 3, Ockham to Suarez, The Bellarmine Series. London: Burns Oates and Washbourne Ltd., 1953.

Day, S., O.F.M., Intuitive Cognition. St. Bonaventure NY:

Franciscan Institute Publications, 1947.

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Index

Abbagnano, N. 22, 42 Abstraction

causes of 63

& cognition 30, 70 of concepts 7, 63, 67ff of empirical order 7ff, 30

& existence 7, 30, 75 of existents 16, 30, 67ff

& faith 86 of formalities 16

& intuition 795, 16, 23, 30, 54, 63ff, 70ff, 75, 86, 91

& knowledge of God 63ff, 67ff

& logic 7, 91 on being 16, 32ff, 108

& condemned propositions of Ockham 5

& creation, necessity in 111 on divine freedom 111

on divine ideas 78, 111 on divine will 111 on divine perfections 74 epistemology of 15ff, 32ff, 53ff

& final causality 40, 44, 46, 101 God of 114

& God, arguments for existence of 46

on love of God 101 on human appetites 46

& human intellect 32ff, 53ff, 108

& human soul 53ff, 58

& human understanding 32ff, 53ff, 108

& human will 46 on knowledge of God 46, 74 on knowledge of self 53ff, 58 on knowledge of universals 53ff metaphysics of 16, 32ff, 88 Ockham against 7, 61

& Ockhamism 111 principle of operation of 16

& Pseudo-Dionysus 101 genera of causes of 17

& God 11, 84, 85 Groot, G. on 95

influence on Ockham 2, 88, 89 knowledge of soul 54

material principle of 56

& Plato 95 theory of nature of 93 on relations 28ff, 56 speculative mystics 95 on substance 28ff

124 Klocker William of Ockham & the Divine Freedom

& theology 95

& truth 61 Augustine

Augustinian Christianity 61, 85, 88 against Averroism 111

on certitude by faith 86, 89, 110

& creation, necessity in 111

& divine freedom l l l

doctrine of divine ideas 3, 13, 78, 79, 82, 111

& love of God 103

& human reason 97, 113

& mysticism 97 against free creation 10, 109 Gerson against 96

& divine will 96, 108 division of 71

efficient cause of 12, 24, 29ff 108ff

of existents 12, 53, 71 108ff finite 8, 15ff, 33, 53, 71ff, 108ff formal 17

& Gerson, J. 96 of God 68, 71ff, 77, 104

& human understanding 108 infinite 71ff, 77, 104

knowledge of 32ff, 65, 108ff

& knowledge of God 65, 71ff as subject of metaphysics 70 philosophy of 32ff

principle of 16, 30 univocity of 71ff Biel, Gabriel 63, 93 Bonaventure 94, 97, 111

Brothers of the Common Life 95ff Buridan, John 92

Causality

Aristotelian genera of 17 conserving 9, 11, 15, 20, 27, 58ff,

100, 111

of existents 16, 23, 30, 65ff, 70, 75

&final causality 36, 39ff, 45, 99

& knowledge of efficient causality 23ff, 27

& knowledge of God 16, 65ff, 69ff

& human appetites 99 intellectual 99

& intuition 23, 24, 30, 65, 70 potency of 99 complex 9, 66, 67ff, 73, 84 denominative 66

as distinguishing 67ff distinctions between 81 divine attributes as 80ff of divine essence 63ff

of divine essence, lack of 62ff, 64ff, 67ff, 73ff, 81ff, 84 divine ideas as 80ff

&divine perfections 80ff of existents 9, 32, 64ff, 67ff, 71ff,

84

&final causality 50ff of finite perfections 84

&formal identity 81, 107 genus of 73

&knowledge 7, 62ff, 64ff, 67ff, 72ff, 83

knowledge of 73

as object of knowledge 70ff logic of 4, 15, 32ff, 91 of metaphysics 32, 70

&names 62, 74ff, 80ff, 91ff objects of 67ff, 73 relations of 7, 15, 74, 83, 110 Scotus 3, 107 Copleston, Frederick 29, 96, 103 Corporeal (see “empirical order”)

concept of, lack of 62ff, 64ff, 67ff, 73ff, 81ff, 84

&creation 81ff

&divine attubutes 4, 78, 80ff

&divine freedom 77, 83

&divine ideas 78ff, 83

&divine intellect 4, 81, 84

&divine knowledge 84

&divine will 4, 81, 84

&faith 47

&finite essence 73, 83

&fruition 47 Godfrey de Fontibus 78ff

&human understanding 63 knowledge of 62ff, 75, 84 knowledge of, lack of 62ff, 64ff,

67ff, 71ff, 84, 95

& necessity, lack of 83

& rational distinction 78ff Divine freedom

& act & potency 114 Anselm 111

& conservation of the finite 15, 111

defense of 5, 10

& divine essence 77, 83

& divine ideas 13, 78ff, 82ff, 96, 109, 111

& divine power 5, 1 lff, 77, 114

& divine will 77, 96, 109

& efficient causality 5, 11ff, 15ff, 77, 82ff, 87ff, 108ff, 111, 114

& empirical order 10ff, 15, 53, 77, 82ff, 87, 88, 108, 114

126 Klocker William of Ockham & the Divine Freedom

& human intellect, limits of 88

& knowledge 83, 87ff, 102, 111, 114

& knowledge of God 13, 114

& metaphysics 13, 85, 89, 114

& Ockham’s thought 10ff, 112, 113

& philosophy 5, 10ff, 85, 88ff, 112

Scotus 111

& theology 5, 88ff, 111, 112 Divine ideas

Aquinas 78, 111

Augustine3, 13, 78, 79, 82, 111 Bonaventure 111

& cognition 3 as concepts 80ff

& divine attributes 78, 80ff

& divine essence 78ff, 83

& divine freedom 13, 78ff, 82ff, 96, 109, 111

& divine intellect 78ff, 84, 109

& divine knowledge 78ff, 84

& divine power 78

& divine unity 79, 82, 96

& efficient causality 3, 78ff, 82, 108, 109, 111

& empirical order 79ff, 92 as eternal 82 reality of, rejection of 78ff Scotus 78, 111

& species 80

& theology 79 Divine intellect

& creation 78, 82, 109

& divine essence 4, 81, 84

& divine ideas 78ff, 84, 109

& divine knowledge 84

& divine will 12, 82, 109 knowledge of creatures of 84 termination of 84

Divine knowledge concept of 73

of existents 40ff, 79ff, 84

& divine essence 84

& divine ideas 78ff, 84

& divine intellect 84

& final causality 40 independence of 79 knowledge of 62, 79 mystery of 84

proof of, rejection of 40ff as unknowable 73 Eckhart, Meister 94, 95 Efficient causality

accidental order of l9ff, 27ff of act 30, 58ff

Anselm 111 Aquinas 111

Aristotelian Averroists 10, 109 Augustine 111

of being 12, 24, 29ff, 108ff Bonaventure 111

causal influx, rejection of 21, 24, 27, 31, 37

causal proposition, rejection of 22ff, 31, 53

& contingency 15, 16ff, 27ff, 31, 107ff

creation ex nihilo 79, 82 definition of 17, 23, 39 dependence upon 107

& divine freedom 5, 11ff, 15ff, 77, 82ff, 87ff, 108ff, 111, 114

& divine ideas 3, 78ff, 82, 108, 109, 111

& divine intellect 78, 82, 109

& divine power 15, 28, 77, 108, 114

& divine will 77, 82ff, 108, 109, 111

divisions of 17ff

in empirical order 8ff, 10, 12, 15ff, 22ff, 29ff, 38ff, 59, 77ff, 82, 87ff, 92, 108

essential order of l9ff, 31 existence of 21, 22ff, 27ff

& existence 17ff, 21ff, 92

& existents 8ff, 12, 21, 23ff, 28ff, 78ff, 82ff, 107ff

& final causality 17, 35ff, 38ff,

43ff, 45ff, 51

first cause 12, 18ff, l9ff, 45 freedom of, rejection of 10, 109 God as 5, 8, 12, 15, 18ff, 20ff, 24ff,

27, 28, 31, 38, 59, 74, 77ff, 82ff, 88, 93, 107ff

rejection of proof of God as 8, 9, 10, 20, 25, 31, 40ff, 45ff

& rejection of proof of God 8, 31, 83ff

as habits 29ff, 39, 58, 92

& human soul, rejection of proof of 58ff

& human will 50, 82 immediate 18ff, 21, 23ff, 29 inferior 20ff

insufficient 18 intellectual soul as 59

& intuition 8, 23ff, 30ff, 39, 58ff John of Mirecourt 93

& knowledge 53, 83ff, 92, 93 knowledge of 8, 21, 22ff, 29ff, 58ff,

92, 93, 108, 114

& material causality 17, 37 mediate 18

as metaphysical 13, 22, 29ff modern treatment of 92, 93 as moving cause 17, 30, 36ff

& necessity3, 15, 19, 21, 51, 83, 109, 111

& Nicholas of Autrecourt 93

& non-knowing universe 38ff, 43ff

order of 19, l9ff

particular 18ff, 25ff, 29, 59 perfections of 19, 20ff, 42 power of 20, 42

& principle of non-contradiction 82, 108

proof of 93

rejection of proof of 8, 17, 25, 29ff, 38ff, 43ff, 58ff

& rational distinction, rejection of 79

as rationally distinct 38 real 18ff 23ff

& reai distinction, lack of 27, 27ff, 31, 38, 58

reduction of 8, 27ff

& relations 15, 23ff, 28ff, 77, 83, 108

responsibility of 19

Scotus 20, 111

secondary 12, 18, l9ff, 24, 28 of secondary intelligence 45 sufficient (total) 18 superior 20ff

universal 18ff, 21, 27, 31 validity of 22ff, 27

Empirical order (see also “existents”) abstraction of 795, 30 Bros. of common life 95

& cognition 23 conservation of 15, 111

& contemporary philosophy 103ff

contingency of 9, 15, 16ff, 35, 53, 92, 111

dependency of on God 3, 12, 16ff, 93, 107ff

& divine freedom 10ff, 15, 53, 77, 82ff, 87, 88, 108, 114

& divine ideas 79ff, 92

& divine power 15, 43, 77, 108, 113ff

& divine will 12, 43, 77, 82, 92, 108, 113ff

& efficient causality 8ff, 10, 12 15ff, 22ff, 29ff, 38ff, 59, 77ff, 82, 87ff, 92, 108

final causality in 8, 35ff, 38ff, 42ff, 99ff

final causality, rejection of proof of from 43ff

God, concept of 114

God, rejection of proof of 9, 16ff God, rejection of proof of as final

cause in 42ff, 47ff Groot, G. 95

& human reason, inadequacy of 61, 75, 88, 113

Hume, loss of by 103

intuition of 15ff, 23, 30ff, 39, 70ff

& knowledge 16, 70ff, 75, 77, 83, 87, 92, 93, 103, 108ff, 113 knowledge of 7ff, 15ff, 29ff, 61,

70, 75, 107, 108, 110

& knowledge of efficient

128 Klocker William of Ockham & the Divine Freedom

causality 22ff, 29ff, 108 necessity in 43, 111

necessity in, rejection of 3, 12, 15ff, 35, 83, 108, 109 neo-Platonists 109 Nicholas of Autrecourt 93 Ockhamists 92

order of l9ff, 43ff, 77, 82ff, 108

& potentiality 113 principle of 23 vs. pure intelligibles 75

& relations 15ff, 71ff, 93, 108 secondary intelligence in 44ff singulars, as composed of 7, 15, 16,

23, 32, 55ff, 71ff, 77, 92, 107

& universals 56

Epistemology (see “knowledge”) Essence

& divine essence 73, 83

& divine freedom 83

& divine will 92

& efficient causality 22, 27, 92

& existence, real identity with 9, 22, 92

finite 22, 73 83 of human will 46 modern treatment of 92 Ethics 92, 98, 10 lff Existence

& efficient causality 17ff, 21ff, 92

& essence, real identity with 9, 22, 92

& God, rejection of proof of from 9

Existents (see also “man”)

& abstraction 16, 30, 67ff

& accidents 27ff Aquinas 15ff, 101 being of 12, 53, 71ff, 108ff cognition of 16, 23, 30, 65ff, 70, 75 composition of 56ff

concepts of 9, 32, 64ff, 67ff, 71ff, 84 conservation of 9, 11, 27, 111 as conserving cause 9

as contingent 9, 15ff, 53, 92, 107ff

dependency of 3, 16ff, 93, 101, 107ff

& divine essence 73, 83

& divine freedom 12ff, 15, 53, 77ff, 82ff

& divine ideas 78ff, 82ff

& divine intellect 84

divine knowledge of 40ff, 79ff, 84

& divine power 11ff, 83ff, 107ff, 113ff

& divine will 12, 82ff, 92, 108, 113ff

as efficient cause 895, 21, 24ff, 28, 45, 84

& efficient causality 8, 9, 10, 12, 18ff, 23ff, 78ff, 82ff, 107ff

& empirical order 7, 15, 16, 23, 32, 53, 55ff, 70, 71ff, 77, 92 essence of 22, 73, 83

& final causality 42ff, 47ff, 99ff final causality of 8, 35ff, 39ff, 42ff,

113ff

formal cause of 17, 108

& formal distinction 3, 57, 107 forms of 56ff

freedom of 39, 43, 113 freedom of, lack of 99

God, as efficient cause of 18, 24ff, 31, 77ff, 82ff, 107ff

God as final cause of 99ff rejection of proof of God as final

cause of 42ff, 46ff

& God, rejection of proof of 9, 16ff

& God, relation to 4, 73, 79ff

& good, necessity of 99 human intellect, as object of 107,

108ff

&human umderstanding 64 inanimate, final causality of 38ff,

42ff

intellection of 56, 65ff

intuition of 4, 795, 15ff, 23ff, 30ff, 32, 55ff, 58, 70, 75, 107

& knowledge 23ff, 30, 53, 54ff, 55ff, 69ff, 71ff, 77, 83, 93, 100, 110

knowledge of 4, 7, 15ff, 23ff, 27, 32, 53ff, 65ff, 71ff, 83, 107

& knowledge of efficient causality 8, 22ff, 29ff

& knowledge of God 62ff, 71ff, 84

& knowledge of God, lack of 62ff, 64ff, 83ff

love of God of 97ff material cause of 56ff modern treatment of 91ff necessity, rejection of 15, 35, 43,

48ff, 71, 77, 83 Nicholas of Autrecourt 93 Ockhamists 91ff

principles of 16

& real distinction 3, 11ff, 23 27ff,31 78ff

relations of 4, 15ff, 28ff, 32, 56, 74ff, 82ff

relations, lack of 3, 15, 27, 31, 56, 71ff, 77, 93, 110

Scotus 3, 57, 107

as singular3, 7, 12ff, 15, 16, 22, 23, 27, 31, 32, 55ff, 65ff, 70ff, 77, Augustine 86, 89, 110, 113

& Averroists 94

& certitude 9, 61, 75, 85ff, 89, 93, 94, 97, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113

&contemporary philosophy 104

& charity 97

& divine causality 8, 59, 85

& divine freedom 85

& final causality 47, 113

& fruition 47 Gerson, J. 97, 103, 104ff

& pursuit of good 61

& grace 61, 75, 102

& human intellect 61, 75, 85ff

& human reason 61, 75, 88, 91, 112, 113

& human soul 54, 59, 104

& human will 47, 60, 61

& the intellectual form 54, 57, 59ff

intuition of 86

& knowledge 9, 32, 61, 75, 85ff, 91, 94, 97, 103, 109ff, 112

& knowledge of soul 54, 57, 59ff

& knowledge of God 9, 61, 75, 85, 104

Lonergan, B. 102

& love of God 102 Ockhamists 92, 110

& metaphysics 75, 87 Nicholas of Autrecourt 93

& philosophy 7, 8, 32, 75, 89, 94, 110, 113

revelation of 86, 104

& scepticism 7, 9

& theology 75, 85ff, 94, 109, 110, 113

& truth 61, 85ff, 104, 109ff Final causality

Abbagnano, N. 42

& Aquinas 40, 44, 46, 101

& causal influx, denial of 36, 37

& cognition 36, 39ff, 45, 99

& concepts 50ff definition of 17, 35ff, 39

& divine freedom 13

& divine knowledge 40

& divine power 42

& efficient causality 17, 35ff, 38ff, 43ff, 45ff, 51 in empirical order 8, 35ff, 38ff,

42ff, 99ff

& existents 8, 35ff, 39ff, 42ff, 47ff, 99ff, 113ff

& faith 47, 113

& formal causality 17, 37 freedom of, lack of 99 God as 38, 40, 46ff, 99ff, 113ff proof of God as, rejection of 40ff,

42ff, 46ff, 113

& infinity of God, rejection of proof of 50

& God, law of 113

& God, love of 97, 99ff

& proof of God 46

& proof of God, rejection of 8, 46ff

good as 46ff

& human freedom 8, 35, 39, 43, 48ff, 51, 113ff

& human intellect 36, 48

& human reason 36, 41, 113

& human will 8, 35ff, 46ff, 113

& knowledge 8, 35ff, 39ff, 43ff, 46

130 Klocker William of Ockham & the Divine Freedom

& knowledge, lack of 99ff limits of 36

& material causality 17, 37 meaning of 35ff, 43ff

& metaphysics 13, 44 as moving cause 17, 36ff, 39 natural 35, 40ff, 42ff, 99 necessity of, doubts of 35, 45ff,

48ff, 51

in non-knowing umiverse 36, 38ff, 42ff, 99ff

& potentiality 48ff, 113ff proof of, rejection of 8, 35ff, 38ff,

40ff, 42ff, 46ff

proper (as loved/desired) 35ff, 39, 43, 113

as rationally distinct 38

reduced to efficient causality 36ff, 38ff

of secondary intelligence 44ff

& volition 36, 39, 45 Finite (see “empirical order”) intellectual 54, 57 {see also

“intellectual soul”) intellectual soul as 54, 59ff proof of intellectual soul as, rejection of 54, 58ff of man 56ff, 59ff

& man, unity of 57

& matter 56ff powers of 58

proof of, rejection of 57 real distinction between 57, 58

& sensitivity 57 species of 56ff

Formal causality 17, 37, 108 Formal distinction

as conceptual 3, 107

between divine ideas & divine essence 78ff

Plato 3

rejection of 3, 57, 107 Scotus 3, 57, 107 Formalities

abstractive knowledge of 16 Gerson against 96

of Scotus 3, 7, 57, 96, 107

& singulars 3, 16, 107 reality of, lack of 3, 16, 107 St. Francis of Assisi 95 Genus

Gilson, Etienne 12ff, 22, 31, 94, 95ff God (see also “divine”)

absolute power of 3, 11ff, 15, 55, 58ff, 77, 83, 87, 100, 102, 108, 112

abstractive knowledge of 63ff, 67ff acts as source of 55, 59, 93 Anselm 111

Aquinas46, 73, 74, 101, 111, 114 Aristotelian Averroists on 10 Aristotle 11, 84, 85

& atomism 93 attributes of 4, 78, 80ff Augustine 103, 111, 114 Avicenna 13

being of 12, 68, 71ff, 77, 104 blind worship of 103 Bonaventure 111

& cognition 16, 65ff, 69ff concept of 4, 9, 63ff, 66, 67ff, 71ff,

80ff, 114

concept of, lack of 62ff, 64ff, 69, 71, 84

conservation by 9, 11, 15, 58ff, 100, 111

contemporary philosophy 104 dependence upon 3, 12, 16ff, 93,

101, 107ff

divine illumination 61, 110 divine will 12, 77, 81, 82ff, 88, 92,

96, 108ff, 113ff

Eckhart, M. 95

as efficient cause 5, 8, 12ff, 15, 18ff, 20ff, 24ff, 27, 28, 31, 38, 59, 74, 77ff, 82ff, 88, 93, 107ff as efficient cause, rejection of

proof of 8, 9, 10, 20, 25, 31, 40ff, 45ff

as final cause 38, 40, 46ff, 99ff, 113ff

as final cause, rejection of proof of 40ff, 42ff, 46ff, 113 as first cause 12, 15ff, 20ff, 24ff genus of, lack of 73

Gerson, J. 96ff

& goodness 4, 46ff, 62, 68, 69, 93, 95, 101

& grace 11ff, 61 Henry of Ghent 66 Hugo de Palma 99

& human freedom 113ff human intellect 73, 75, 98

& human intellect, as object of 64ff

& human soul 62, 94ff, 96ff, 102ff

& human will 46ff, 103 Hume, loss of by 103 as infinite 50, 69, 77, 84, 114 intuition of, rejection of 63, 67,

71, 74

John of Mirecourt 93 God’s knowledge of self 84

& man’s knowledge of self 54, 59ff

knowledge of 13, 46, 62ff, 66, 67ff, 71ff, 77, 79, 93ff, 96ff, 104, 114 knowledge of, lack of 4, 9, 31ff,

61, 64ff, 69, 71, 73, 77, 83ff, 94ff, 97ff, 109, 114 laws of 11ff, 113 Lonergan, B. 101ff love of 47ff, 97ff, 99ff

& Man, salvation of 11, 12, 61, 62, 95

mystery of 84, 88, 109 mystic approach to 94ff, 96ff

& mystical theology 97ff

& necessity 5, 10, 12, 13, 15ff, 55 Nicholas of Autrecourt 93 Ockhamists 92

omnipotence of 5, 43, 91ff, 93, 107ff, 112, 114

operative powers of 77, 78 ordinary power of 3, 11, 15, 77, 87,

100, 111, 114 St. Paul 99

perfections of 42, 68, 69, 72ff, 80ff Platonic 11, 12, 13, 84, 96 Plotinus 13

rejection of proofs of 3, 8, 9, 16ff, 31ff, 46ff, 51, 62ff, 63, 74, 83ff, 95

Pseudo Dionysus 97ff, 99

& rational distinction 78ff revelations of 32, 63ff, 75, 77, 86,

104, 110, 112, 113 Scotus 111, 114

& secondary causality 8ff, 12, 20, 28

& final causality of human will 46ff

finite 48ff Gerson, J. 98ff

God as 4, 62, 68, 69, 95, 101 God, proof of 46

& God, rejection of proof of 46ff

& grace 61 human appetites 46ff

& human freedom 48ff infinite 46, 48ff

infinite, rejection of proof of 47ff, 56

love of 47ff, 99

& mystical theology 98ff as necessary 99

132 Klocker William of Ockham & the Divine Freedom Henry of Ghent 7, 61, 66ff Holcot, Robert 93 Hugo de Palma 99

Human intellect (see’’intellect’’

Human knowledge (see “knowledge”) Human will (see “will”)

Hume, David 10, 31, 60ff, 103, 112 Intellect (see also “intellectual soul”

& “reason”) abstracting 16

acts of 16, 53ff, 55, 58ff Aquinas 32ff, 53ff, 108

& certitude 75, 85ff, 88 concepts by 3

& desire of good 48

& divine freedom 88 divine ideas in 82

& empirical order 64, 77, 88

& experience 32ff

& faith 61, 75, 85ff

& final causality, rejection of 36, 48

Gerson, J. 97ff God, as object of 64ff

& grace 61, 75

intellection, experience of 59 intellectual knowledge 53ff, 64ff intuition of acts of 54ff, 58ff

& intuition of existents 15, 31, 56, 65

& human understanding 32ff, 59, 94, 107, 108

& human will 48, 58, 97

& knowledge of being 32ff, 65, 108ff

& knowledge of efficient causality 31

& knowledge of God 64ff, 73,

75, 98

& knowledge of self 53ff

& knowledge of singulars 107, 108ff

& knowledge of universals 54ff limits of 15, 16, 61, 75, 77, 88, 89,

108ff

& morality 98

Nicholas of Autrecourt 94 objects of 65, 77, 108ff Scotus 3

Intellectual soul (see also “intellec-tual form” & “soul”)

rejection of proof of form as 54, 58ff

Gerson, I. 97ff

& human understanding 53ff, 59

& human will 48, 58, 97

& intuition 55, 58ff knowledge of 53ff

knowledge of, rejection of 54ff, 58ff

known by faith 54, 57, 59ff

known by faith 54, 57, 59ff

In document info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorthesis Reyes Tigre, Carlos Victor; Santana Cárdenas, Godofredo Martin Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) (página 46-50)