The dissertation has made a contribution in defining a methodology regarding optimal DSM scheme for EV integration into the SG in the presence of intermittent resources. However, there are many areas of future work that could be built on the contributions of this dissertation. The important research topics that could be considered for further investigation are listed as follows:
i. In addition, without specification, the methodology presented in this dissertation can be readily extended to integrating other electricity appliances into the market oriented DSM scheme in SG environment.
ii. After obtaining the simulation results with increased number of real-world appliances, the prototype of the proposed system must be deployed on the laboratory level.
iii. This study can be extended by integrating the other type of customers i.e.
industrial customer and bulk electricity users.
iv. Extension of study to the other levels of the hierarchal architecture of SG.
Although this research achieved promising results in analyzing dynamic EVs impact and utilization in power systems, the work does not end here. It is the starting point of a new era of using EV in various ways. It is believed that any of the above suggestion is challenging and need to be given immediate consideration.
REFERENCES
1. Amjad, S., Neelakrishnan, S., Rudramoorthy, R. 2010. Review of design considerations and technological challenges for successful development and deployment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(3), 1104–1110.
2. Dallinger, D., Wietschel, M. 2012. Grid integration of intermittent renewable energy sources using price-responsive plug-in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 3370–3382.
3. Papadopoulos, P., Skarvelis-Kazakos, S., Grau, I., Cipcigan, L.M., Jenkins, N.
2012. Electric vehicles’ impact on British distribution networks. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, 2(3), 91.
4. Tie, S.F., Tan, C.W. 2013. A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 82–102.
5. Khayyam, H., Ranjbarzadeh, H., Marano, V. 2012. In Intelligent control of vehicle to grid power. Journal of Power Sources, 201, 1–9.
6. Xu, H., Miao, S., Zhang, C., Shi, D. 2013. Optimal placement of charging infrastructures for large-scale integration of pure electric vehicles into grid.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 53, 159–165.
7. Iversen, E.B., Morales, J.M., Madsen, H. 2014. Optimal charging of an electric vehicle using a Markov decision process. Applied Energy, 123, 1–12.
8. Akhavan-Rezai, E., Shaaban, M.F., El-Saadany, E.F., Zidan, A. 2012.
Uncoordinated Charging Impacts of Electric Vehicles on Electric Distribution Grids : Normal and Fast Charging Comparison. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 1–7.
9. Vaya, M.G., Andersson, G. 2012. Centralized and decentralized approaches to smart charging of plug-in Vehicles. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. 1–8.
10. Hannan, M. A., Azidin, F. A., Mohamed. 2014. Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 135–150.
11. Galus, M.D., Zima, M., Andersson, G. 2010. On integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles into existing power system structures. Energy Policy. 38, 6736–6745.
12. Peng, M., Liu, L., Jiang, C. 2012. A review on the economic dispatch and risk management of the large-scale plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs)-penetrated power systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(3), 1508–1515.
13. Green, R.C., Wang, L., Alam, M. 2012. The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: A review and outlook. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1), 544–553.
14. Srivastava, A.K., Annabathina, B., Kamalasadan, S. 2010. The Challenges and Policy Options for Integrating Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle into the Electric Grid. The Electricity Journal, 23(3), 83–91.
15. Masoum, A.S., Deilami, S., Moses, P.S., Masoum, M. a. S., Abu-Siada, A.
2011. Smart load management of plug-in electric vehicles in distribution and residential networks with charging stations for peak shaving and loss minimisation considering voltage regulation. IET Generation, Transmission &
Distribution, 5(8), 877.
16. Amirioun, M.H., Kazemi, A. 2014. A new model based on optimal scheduling of combined energy exchange modes for aggregation of electric vehicles in a residential complex. Energy. 69, 186–198.
17. Foley, A., Tyther, B., Calnan, P., Ó Gallachóir, B. 2013. Impacts of Electric Vehicle charging under electricity market operations. Applied Energy, 101, 93–
102.
18. Varga, B.O. 2013. Electric vehicles, primary energy sources and CO2
emissions: Romanian case study. Energy, 49, 61–70.
19. Brown, S., Pyke, D., Steenhof, P. 2010. Electric vehicles: The role and importance of standards in an emerging market. Energy Policy, 38(7), 3797–
3806.
20. Yang, S., Yao, J., Kang, T., Zhu, X. 2014. Dynamic operation model of the battery swapping station for EV (electric vehicle) in electricity market. Energy, 65, 544–549.
21. Rotering, N., Ilic, M. 2011. Optimal charge control of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in deregulated electricity markets. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(3), 1021–1029.
22. Kempton, W., Tomić, J. 2005. Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy. Journal of Power Sources, 144, 280–294.
23. Masoum, A.S., Deilami, S., Moses, P.S., Abu-Siada, A. 2010. Impacts of Battery Charging Rates of Plug-in Electric Vehicle on Smart Grid Distribution Systems. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe, ISGT Europe. pp. 1–6.
24. Dallinger, D., Wietschel, M. 2012. Grid integration of intermittent renewable energy sources using price-responsive plug-in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 3370–3382.
25. Asmus, P. 2010. Microgrids, Virtual Power Plants and Our Distributed Energy Future. The Electricity Journal, 23(10), 72–82.
26. Ustun, T.S., Ozansoy, C., Zayegh, A. 2011. Recent developments in microgrids and example cases around the world — A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(8), 4030–4041.
27. Karfopoulos, E.L., Papadopoulos, P., Skarvelis-Kazakos, S., Grau, I., Cipcigan, L.M., Hatziargyriou, N., Jenkins, N. 2011. Introducing electric vehicles in the microgrids concept. 16th International Conference on Intelligent System Applications to Power Systems, ISAP 2011.
28. Tushar, M.H.K., Assi, C., Maier, M., Uddin, M.F. 2014. Smart Microgrids:
Optimal Joint Scheduling for Electric Vehicles and Home Appliances. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5(1), 239–250.
29. Lu, S., Elizondo, M., Samaan, N. 2011. Control strategies for distributed energy resources to maximize the use of wind power in rural microgrids. Power and Energy, 1–8.
30. Lopes, J.A.P., Madureira, A.G., Moreira, C.C.L.M.2013. A view of microgrids.
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 2, 86–103.
31. Hernandez-Aramburo, C. A., Green, T.C., Mugniot, N. 2005. Fuel Consumption Minimization of a Microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 41(3), 673–681.
32. Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., Driesen, J. 2010. The impact of Charging
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid. IEEE Transaction on Power System. 25(1), 371–380.
33. Procter, R.J. 2013. Integrating Time-Differentiated Rates, Demand Response, and Smart Grid to Manage Power System Costs. The Electricity Journal, 26(3), 50–60.
34. Casey, C., Jones, K.B. 2013. Customer-Centric Leadership in Smart Grid Implementation: Empowering Customers to Make Intelligent Energy Choices.
The Electricity Journal, 26(7), 98–110.
35. Broeer, T., Fuller, J., Tuffner, F., Chassin, D., Djilali, N. 2014. Modeling framework and validation of a smart grid and demand response system for wind power integration. Applied Energy, 113, 199–207.
36. Ipakchi, A. 2012. Issues, challenges and opportunities for utilization of demand-side resources in support of power system operations. 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 1–1.
37. Wu, H., Al-Abdulwahab, A., Shahidehpour, M. 2013. Hourly demand response in day-ahead scheduling for managing the variability of renewable energy. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 7(3), 226–234.
38. Garcia-Valle, R., da Silva, L.C.P., Xu, Z., Ostergaard, J. 2009. Smart demand for improving short-term voltage control on distribution networks. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 3(8), 724.
39. Grünewald, P., Torriti, J. 2013. Demand response from the non-domestic sector: Early UK experiences and future opportunities. Energy Policy, 61, 423–
429.
40. Rastegar, M., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M., Choi, J. 2014. Investigating the impacts of different price-based demand response programs on home load management.
Journal. Electrical. Engineering. Technology, 9(3), 1125–1131
41. Papagiannis, G., Dagoumas, A., Lettas, N., Dokopoulos, P. 2008. Economic and environmental impacts from the implementation of an intelligent demand side management system at the European level. Energy Policy, 36(1), 163–180.
42. Medina, J., Muller, N., Roytelman, I. 2010. Demand response and distribution grid operations: Opportunities and challenges. IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid, 1(2), 193–198.
43. Doolla, S., Nunna, H.S.V.S.K. 2012. Demand Response in Smart Distribution System With Multiple Microgrids, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 1–9.
44. Strbac, G. 2008. Demand side management: Benefits and challenges. Energy Policy, 36(12), 4419–4426.
45. Darby, S.J., Mckenna, E. 2012. Social implications of residential demand response in cool temperate climates. Energy Policy, 49, 759–769.
46. Chao, H. 2010. Price-Responsive Demand Management for a Smart Grid World. Electricity Journal, 23, 7–20.
47. Strengers, Y. 2012. Peak electricity demand and social practice theories:
Reframing the role of change agents in the energy sector. Energy Policy, 44, 226–234.
48. Kinhekar, N., Prasad, N., Om, H. 2014. Electrical Power and Energy Systems Multiobjective demand side management solutions for utilities with peak demand deficit. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 55, 612–619.
49. Stein, E., Carrigan, B., Deese, A.S., Klein, E. 2013. Automation of residential load in power distribution systems with focus on demand response. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 7(4), 357–365.
50. Faria, P., Soares, T., Vale, Z., Morais, H. 2014. Distributed generation and demand response dispatch for a virtual power player energy and reserve provision. Renewable Energy, 66, 686–695.
51. Karnouskos, S. 2011. Demand Side Management via Prosumer Interactions in a Smart City Energy Marketplace. 2011 2nd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, 1–7.
52. Lim, K.-M., Lim, S.-Y., Yoo, S.-H. 2014. Short- and long-run elasticities of electricity demand in the Korean service sector. Energy Policy, 67, 517–521.
53. Poudineh, R., Jamasb, T. 2014. Distributed generation, storage, demand response and energy efficiency as alternatives to grid capacity enhancement.
Energy Policy, 67, 222–231.
54. Driscoll, Á., Lyons, S., Mariuzzo, F., Tol, R.S.J. 2013. Simulating demand for electric vehicles using revealed preference data. Energy Policy, 62, 686–696.
55. Falsafi, H., Zakariazadeh, A., Jadid, S. 2014. The role of demand response in single and multi-objective wind-thermal generation scheduling: A stochastic programming. Energy, 64, 853–867
56. Paulus, M., Borggrefe, F. 2011. The potential of demand-side management in energy-intensive industries for electricity markets in Germany. Applied Energy,
88(2), 432–441.
57. Yousefi, A., Nguyen, T.T., Zareipour, H., Malik, O.P. 2012 Congestion management using demand response and FACTS devices. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 37(1), 78–85.
58. Gyamfi, S., Krumdieck, S. 2012. Scenario analysis of residential demand response at network peak periods. Electric Power Systems Research, 93, 32–38.
59. Baharlouei, Z., Hashemi, M., Narimani, H., Mohsenian-Rad, H. 2013.
Achieving Optimality and Fairness in Autonomous Demand Response:
Benchmarks and Billing Mechanisms. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(2), 968–975.
60. Wang, J., Bloyd, C.N., Hu, Z., Tan, Z. 2010. Demand response in China.
Energy, 35(4), 1592–1597.
61. Mahmoudi, N., Saha, T.K., Eghbal, M. 2014. A new demand response scheme for electricity retailers. Electric Power Systems Research, 108, 144–152.
62. Qureshi, J.A., Gul, M., Faruqi, M.A., Qureshi, W.A. 2012. Intelligent Demand Management for End User Benefits. IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, 1–7
63. Fathi, M., Bevrani, H. 2013 Adaptive energy consumption scheduling for connected microgrids under demand uncertainty. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 28(3), 1576–1583.
64. Gyamfi, S., Krumdieck, S., Urmee, T. 2013. Residential peak electricity demand response—Highlights of some behavioural issues. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 71–77.
65. Dupont, B., De Jonghe, C., Olmos, L., Belmans, R. 2014. Demand response with locational dynamic pricing to support the integration of renewables.
Energy Policy, 67, 344–354.
66. Denholm, P., Short, W. 2006. An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. NREL Report noTP-620
67. Sufen, T., Youbing, Z., Jun, Q. 2012. Impact of electric vehicles as interruptible load on economic dispatch incorporating wind power. International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply (SUPERGEN 2012), (1), 117–
117.
68. Talebizadeh, E., Rashidinejad, M., Abdollahi, A. 2014. Evaluation of plug-in
electric vehicles impact on cost-based unit commitment. Journal of Power Sources, 248, 545–552.
69. Lee, J., Kim, J.-H., Kim, D.-U., Go, H.-S., Kim, C.-H., Kim, E.-S., Kim, S.-K. 2014. Evaluation of Voltage Sag and Unbalance due to the System Connection of Electric Vehicles on Distribution System. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 452–460.
70. Hennings, W., Mischinger, S., Linssen, J. 2013. Utilization of excess wind power in electric vehicles. Energy Policy, 62, 139–144.
71. Hartmann, N., Özdemir, E.D. 2011. Impact of different utilization scenarios of electric vehicles on the German grid in 2030. Journal of Power Sources, 196(4), 2311–2318.
72. Baumhefner, M., Pike, E., Klugescheid, A. 2013. Plugging Vehicles into Clean Energy. The Electricity Journal, 26(3), 72–80.
73. Jenkins, S.D., Rossmaier, J.R., Ferdowsi, M. 2008. Utilization and effect of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the United States power grid. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference,1-6
74. Xi, J., Li, M., Xu, M. 2014. Optimal energy management strategy for battery powered electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 134, 332–341.
75. Camus, C., Silva, C.M., Farias, T.L., Esteves, J. 2009. Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the Portuguese electric utility system. 2009 International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, 285–290.
76. Yao, Y., Gao, D.W. 2013. Charging load from large-scale plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: Impact and optimization. 2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), 1–6.
77. Masoum, M.A.S., Moses, P.S., Smedley, K.M. 2011. Distribution transformer losses and performance in smart grids with residential plug-in electric vehicles.
IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe, ISGT Europe. 1–7.
78. Wu, D., Aliprantis, D., Gkritza, K. 2011. Electric energy and power consumption by light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. IEEE transactions on power systems, 26(2), 738–746.
79. Mohsenian-Rad, H., Ghamkhari, M. 2015. Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles With Uncertain Departure Times: A Closed-Form Solution. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6(2), 940–942.
80. Zakariazadeh, A., Jadid, S., Siano, P. 2014. Multi-objective scheduling of electric vehicles in smart distribution system. Energy Conversion and Management, 79, 43–53.
81. Sundstrom, O., Binding, C. 2012. Flexible charging optimization for electric vehicles considering distribution grid constraints. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(1), 26–37.
82. Richardson, D.B. 2013. Electric vehicles and the electric grid: A review of modeling approaches, Impacts, and renewable energy integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 247–254.
83. Wang, J., Liu, C., Ton, D., Zhou, Y., Kim, J., Vyas, A. 2011. Impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on power systems with demand response and wplug-ind power. Energy Policy, 39, 4016–4021.
84. Collin, A.J., Hernando-Gil, I., Acosta, J.L., Ilie, I.S., Djokic, S.Z. 2011.
Realising the potential of smart grids in LV networks. Part 1: Demand-side management. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe. 1–7.
85. Keirstead, J., Jennings, M., Sivakumar, A. 2012. A review of urban energy system models: Approaches, challenges and opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(6), 3847–3866.
86. Mah, D.N., Marinus, J., Vleuten, V. Der, Hills, P., Tao, J. 2012. Consumer perceptions of smart grid development : Results of a Hong Kong survey and policy implications. Energy Policy, 49, 204–216.
87. Byun, J., Hong, I., Kang, B., Park, S. 2011. A smart energy distribution and management system for renewable energy distribution and context-aware services based on user patterns and load forecasting. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 57(2), 436–444.
88. Amin, M. 2008. Challenges in reliability, security, efficiency, and resilience of energy infrastructure: toward smart self-healing electric power grid. 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 1–5.
89. Zareen, N., Mustafa, M.W., Gizi, A.J.H. Al, Alsaedi, M.A. 2012. Worldwide Technological Revolutions and Its Challenges under Smart Grid Paradigm : A Comprehensive Study. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(11), 2229-5518.
90. Soliman Qudaih, Y., Mitani, Y. 2011. Power Distribution System Planning for Smart Grid Applications using ANN. Energy Procedia, 12, 3–9.
91. Fadaeenejad, M., Saberian, a. M., Fadaee, M., Radzi, M. a. M., Hizam, H., AbKadir, M.Z. a. 2014. The present and future of smart power grid in developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 828–
834.
92. IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use Applications, and Loads. IEEE Std 2030-2011 (IEEE). ISBN 9780738167282.
93. Samadi, P., Mohsenian-Rad, H., Wong, V.W.S., Schober, R. 2013. Tackling the load uncertainty challenges for energy consumption scheduling in smart grid.
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(2), 1007–1016 .
94. Ruihua, Z.R.Z., Yumei, D.Y. Du, Liu, Y.L.Y. 2010. New challenges to power system planning and operation of smart grid development in China. Power System Technolology (POWERCON), 2010 Int. Conf. 1–8.
95. Dagdougui, H., Sacile, R. 2013. Decentralized Control of the Power Flows in a Network of Smart Microgrids Modeled as a Team of Cooperative Agents.
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 1–1.
96. Zeng, Z., Zhao, R., Yang, H., Tang, S. 2014. Policies and demonstrations of micro-grids in China: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 701–718.
97. Farzan, F., Lahiri, S., Kleinberg, M., Gharieh, K., Farzan, F., Jafari, M. 2013.
Microgrids for fun and profit: The economics of installation investments and operations. IEEE Power Energy Management. 11, 52–58.
98. Bracco, S., Delfino, F., Pampararo, F., Robba, M., Rossi, M. 2014. A mathematical model for the optimal operation of the University of Genoa Smart Polygeneration Microgrid: Evaluation of technical, economic and environmental performance indicators. Energy, 64, 912–922.
99. Xiao, Z., Wu, J., Jenkins, N. 2013. An overview of microgrid control. Soft Computing, 3,37–41.
100. Logenthiran, T., Srinivasan, D., Khambadkone, A.M. 2011. Multi-agent system for energy resource scheduling of integrated microgrids in a distributed system. Electric Power Systems Research, 81(1), 138–148.
101. Zhang, Y., Gatsis, N., Giannakis, G.B. 2013. Robust energy management for microgrids with high-penetration renewables. IEEE Transaction on Sustain.
Energy, 4, 944–953.
102. Jiang, B., Fei, Y. 2011. Dynamic Residential Demand Response and Distributed Generation Management in Smart Microgrid with Hierarchical Agents. Energy Procedia, 12, 76–90.
103. Kumar Nunna, H.S.V.S., Doolla, S. 2013. Energy Management in Microgrids Using Demand Response and Distributed Storage—A Multiagent Approach.
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 28(2), 939–947.
104. Lidula, N.W.A., Rajapakse, A.D. 2011. Microgrids research: A review of experimental microgrids and test systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1), 186–202.
105. Millar, R.J., Kazemi, S., Lehtonen, M., Saarijärvi, E. 2012 Impact of MV connected microgrids on MV distribution planning. IEEE Transactions on.
Smart Grid, 3(4), 2100–2108.
106. Ahn, S.-J., Nam, S.-R., Choi, J.-H., Moon, S.-I. 2013. Power Scheduling of Distributed Generators for Economic and Stable Operation of a Microgrid.
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(1), 398–405.
107. Goleijani, S., Ghanbarzadeh, T., Sadeghi Nikoo, F., Parsa Moghaddam, M.
2013. Reliability constrained unit commitment in smart grid environment.
Electric Power Systems Research, 97, 100–108.
108. Lasseter, R.H. 2011. Smart distribution: Coupled microgrids. Proceedings of the IEEE, 99(6), 1074–1082.
109. Su, W., Yuan, Z., Chow, M.Y. 2010 Microgrid planning and operation: Solar energy and wind energy. IEEE PES General Meeting, PES 2010, 1–7 .
110. Shafiullah, G.M., Shawkat Ali, B.M., Wolfs, P. 2013. Potential challenges of integrating large-scale wind energy into the power grid–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 306–321.
111. Mohammed, Y.S., Mustafa, M.W., Bashir, N. 2014. Hybrid renewable energy systems for off-grid electric power : Review of substantial issues. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 35, 527–539.
112. Passey, R., Spooner, T., MacGill, I., Watt, M., Syngellakis, K. 2011. The potential impacts of grid-connected distributed generation and how to address them: A review of technical and non-technical factors. Energy Policy, 39(10),
6280–6290.
113. Saad, W., Han, Z., Poor, H.V., Başar, T. 2012. Game-theoretic methods for the smart grid: An overview of microgrid systems, demand-side management, and smart grid communications. IEEE Signal Process. Mag, 29, 86–105.
114. Nunna, H.S.V.S.K., Doolla, S. 2011. Demand response in smart microgrids.
2011 IEEE PES International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-India, ISGT India 2011. 131–136.
115. Ahn, C., Peng, H. 2013. Decentralized Voltage Control to Minimize Distribution Power Loss of Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on. Smart Grid, 4, 1297–1304.
116. Wu, T., Yang, Q., Bao, Z., Yan, W. 2013. Coordinated Energy Dispatching in Microgrid With Wind Power Generation and Plug-in Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(3), 1453–1463.
117. Bayod-Rújula, A. a. 2009. Future development of the electricity systems with distributed generation. Energy, 34(3), 377–383.
118. Richardson, P., Flynn, D., Keane, A. 2012. Optimal charging of electric vehicles in low-voltage distribution systems. IEEE Transactions on Power System, 27(1), 268–279.
119. Shao, S., Pipattanasomporn, M., Rahman, S. 2011. Demand Response as a Load Shaping Tool in an Intelligent Grid With Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2(4), 624–631.
120. Hoang, B., 2012. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) _ IA-HEV.pdf. , pp.1–3. Available at: http://www.ieee.org/go/emergingtech.
121. Clement, K., Haesen, E., Driesen, J. 2009. Coordinated charging of multiple plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in residential distribution grids. 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, PSCE 2009. 1–7.
122. Rutherford, M.J., Yousefzadeh, V. 2011. The impact of Electric Vehicle battery charging on distribution transformers. 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annu. IEEE Appl.
Power Electron. Conf. Expo. 396–400.
123. Shortt, A., O’Malley, M. 2014. Quantifying the long-term impact of electric vehicles on the generation Portfolio. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5, 71–
83.
124. García-Villalobos, J., Zamora, I., San Martín, J.I., Asensio, F.J., Aperribay, V.
2014. Plug-in electric vehicles in electric distribution networks: A review of
smart charging approaches. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 717–731.
125. Liu, H., Hu, Z., Song, Y., Lin, J. 2013 Decentralized vehicle-to-grid control for primary frequency regulation considering charging demands. IEEE Transactions on Power System, 28, 3480–3489.
126. Roche, M.Y., Mourato, S., Fischedick, M., Pietzner, K., Viebahn, P. 2010.
Public attitudes towards and demand for hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles: A review of the evidence and methodological implications, Energy Policy, 38, 5301–5310.
127. Bevis, T., Hacker, B., Edrington, C.S., Azongha, S. 2009. A review of PHEV grid impacts. 41st North American Power Symposium, NAPS 2009.1-6
128. Pillai, J.R., Bak-Jensen, B. 2010. Impacts of electric vehicle loads on power distribution systems. 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 1–
6.
129. Leou, R.-C., Su, C.-L., Lu, C.-N. 2013 Stochastic Analyses of Electric Vehicle Charging Impacts on Distribution Network. IEEE Transactions on Power System, 29, 1055–1063.
130. Schulze, M., Member, S., Riveros, J.Z. 2010. Impact of Electrical Vehicles on Strategic Planning of Energy Infrastructure. IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology,1-7
131. Putrus, G.A., Suwanapingkarl, P., Johnston, D., Bentley, E.C., Narayana, M.
2009. Impact of electric vehicles on power distribution networks. 2009 IEEE Veh. Power Propuls. Conf. 1618–1622.
132. Pieltain Fernández, L., Gómez San Román, T., Cossent, R., Mateo Domingo, C., Frías, P. 2011. Assessment of the impact of plug-in electric vehicles on distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Power System, 26, 206–213.
133. Zhang, C., Huang, Q., Tian, J., Chen, L., Cao, Y., Zhang, R. 2011. Smart Grid Facing the New Challenge: The Management of Electric Vehicle Charging Loads. Energy Procedia, 12, 98–103.
134. Rutherford, M.J. 2011. The Impact of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging on Distribution Transformers. 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). pp. 396–400 .
135. Tushar, W., Saad, W., Poor, H.V., Smith, D.B. 2012. Economics of electric vehicle charging: A game theoretic approach. IEEE Transactions on Smart
Grid, 3, 1767–1778.
136. Farmer, C., Hines, P., Dowds, J., Blumsack, S. 2010. Modeling the Impact of Increasing PHEV Loads on the Distribution Infrastructure. 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1–10.
137. Taylor, J., Maitra, A., Alexander, M., Brooks, D., Duvall, M. 2010. Evaluations of plug-in electric vehicle distribution system impacts. IEEE PES General Meeting, 1–6.
138. Rahman, S., Shrestha, G.B. 1993. An investigation into the impact of electric vehicle load on the electric utility distribution system. I IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 8(2), 591–597.
139. Paudyal, S., Dahal, S. 2011. Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Optimal Deployment in Smart Grids. Proceedings of the AUPEC 2011.
139. Paudyal, S., Dahal, S. 2011. Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Optimal Deployment in Smart Grids. Proceedings of the AUPEC 2011.