CAPÍTULO 2. LA DIABLADA PUNEÑA
2.5 Personajes de La Diablada puneña
2.5.5 Cambios en algunos personajes de La Diablada puneña
General findings
The differences are big on inspections routines in homes and on smoke detector rules and coverage. There are building rules for high or special risk residential buildings mainly to provide safe exit in case of fires. Chimney sweeping are stipulated and are the most common prevention activity.
Answers from the countries
Austria
Are fire inspections carried out for
private residential premises? Differs from state to state Is there a requirement for smoke
detectors in residential premises? No. Recommendation in the technical guideline TRVB 115.
Smoke detectors, percent Unknown but a very small percentage Are there any other fire prevention
activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
Differs from state to state
Are there any other fire prevention
requirements for private homes? Differs from state to state
Belgium
Are fire inspections carried out for private residential premises?
No Is there a requirement for smoke detectors in residential premises? No
Smoke detectors, percent Unknown at present time Are there any other fire prevention
activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
Chimney sweeping, checking electric installations
Are there any other fire prevention requirements for private homes?
No
Denmark
Are fire inspections carried out for
private residential premises? No, in general fire inspections on private dwellings are not mandatory.
There are special rules for heritage buildings.
Is there a requirement for smoke detectors in residential premises?
No.
Smoke detectors, percent According to the union of insurance companies, 75% of all homes have bought at least one smoke detector. No statistics are available on the function and use of them.
Are there any other fire prevention activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
Yes, chimney sweeping.
Are there any other fire prevention requirements for private homes? No.
Finland
Are fire inspections carried out for private residential premises? Yes.
Is there a requirement for smoke
detectors in residential premises? Yes since 1999 for all residential dwellings.
Smoke detectors, percent In 2002:
98 % of which 7 % did not work. Percentages are based on fire inspections carried out in 2457 homes in different parts of country;
99 % based on gallup poll with 1001 answers;
In City of Helsinki 90 % of which 19 % did not work. Percentages are based on fire inspections carried out.
Are there any other fire prevention activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
Residential premises with five or more apartments must have fire safety documentation including information also on accident prevention, training, emergency plans, etc.
Chimney sweeping with regulated intervals.
Are there any other fire prevention requirements for private homes?
Germany
Are fire inspections carried out for private residential premises? No Is there a requirement for smoke
detectors in residential premises? No, most state construction ministries reject a requirement to install smoke detectors in private residential construction according to DIN-standard, an inspection is not proposed
Smoke detectors, percent Not conducted, no reports Are there any other fire prevention
activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
There is a general demand for two escape routes from all inhabited parts of a building. One of these may be by means of fire brigade ladders. Limit of escape routes distances in a building duration of fire resistance of load bearing and separating constructions parts in relation to height of room.
Are there any other fire prevention requirements for private homes?
Yes, controls of heating plants in buildings through chimney sweep.
Greece
Are fire inspections carried out for
private residential premises? Yes, fire inspections on private residential are carried out.
Is there a requirement for smoke detectors in residential premises?
In high-risk areas (boiler rooms, fuel tanks etc).
Smoke detectors, percent 10%
Are there any other fire prevention activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
Yes, in residential premises near forest areas
Are there any other fire prevention
requirements for private homes? Only for high rise residential buildings.
Ireland
Are fire inspections carried out for
private residential premises? Not when they are occupied.
A high proportion of new domestic buildings are currently subject to a housing inspection, which includes fire safety, at the end of the construction stage. However, this system is due to end soon.
Is there a requirement for smoke detectors in residential premises?
Since 1992 it has been mandatory to provide smoke detectors in newly constructed houses/ apartments and since 1998 the smoke alarm system must be powered by the mains electricity system –rather than be solely reliant on batteries. The cost of a battery powered alarm is around €6.
It is not mandatory to have them in pre-1992 houses. The National Safety Council strongly advises that they should be installed in all houses, and a variety of local programmes have been undertaken to install them in the houses of the elderly. It is government policy to provide them in all public housing.
Smoke detectors, percent No national study has been conducted, but one study (NSC) suggests a figure of 58% of homes have smoke detectors. The percentage which are operating effectively (live batteries etc) is not known.
Are there any other fire prevention activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
The design and construction of residential premises are governed by Part B (Fire Safety) of the Building Regulations, 1992 – 2002 Relevant technical guidance covers:
the layout of escape routes, including open able window sections, other passive fire safety measures.
There are no other mandatory fire safety measures for domestic situations, other than fire testing and labelling of furniture.
Are there any other fire prevention
requirements for private homes? The currently approach to fire prevention in the home by the National Safety Council takes the form of advice to householders and an education program for primary schools see www.nsc.ie for information. A major review of Fire Safety and Fire Services in Ireland (2001) has
recommended an integrated ‘Community Fire Safety’ approach, considering that the vast majority of fire deaths in Ireland occur in the home. This approach is likely to be developed and implemented over the next few years, and would see a significant shift for fire services from responding to incidents to an expanded role for fire-fighters as
“ambassadors of the fire safety message”. The need for multi-agency involvement is also recognised as, for example, it is seen that those most at risk (elderly, living alone) will best be accessed via the public health system.
Italy
Are fire inspections carried out for
private residential premises? Inspections are foreseen for residential premises higher than 24 meters.
Is there a requirement for smoke
detectors in residential premises? For private houses – flats and single ones – there are no prescription for the use of detectors.
For social residences – dorms, colleges and similar , detectors may have to be installed , according to the outcome of the risk assessment and under the conditions provided by technical rules.
Smoke detectors, percent Data generally not available, due to the fact that the presence of detectors is not already decided, but it is determined on a case-by-case basis, according to the above-mentioned parameters.
Are there any other fire prevention activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
Yes, they concern the building and structural characteristics related to Passive Protection, Active Protection plants, Fire Response requirements, fire load restrictions, provisions related to the distribution features of premises (exits).
Are there any other fire prevention requirements for private homes?
As already indicated, civil residential premises are subject to inspections if higher than 24 meters. Buildings higher than 12 meters are subject to specific requirements too.
Norway
Are fire inspections carried out for
private residential premises? Fire inspections by the fire services are not mandatory in private dwellings. The local electrical safety inspection authorities make inspections, regularly but seldom.
Is there a requirement for smoke detectors in residential premises? Yes
Smoke detectors, percent Approx. 97%
Are there any other fire prevention activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
Yes, chimney sweeping. It may be additional requirements in residents for people with special care needs.
Are there any other fire prevention
requirements for private homes? Yes, fire extinguishing equipment
Portugal
Are fire inspections carried out for
private residential premises? Only in buildings above 29 meters.
Is there a requirement for smoke
detectors in residential premises? Yes, in public and tourist buildings
Smoke detectors, percent 80% in tourist buildings/hotels and residential 0% in private homes
Are there any other fire prevention activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
Yes, in underground residential parking , and active and passive fire safety measures, equipments to first intervention, in tourist buildings Are there any other fire prevention
requirements for private homes? Yes, passive fire safety and structural measures like
compartmentalization. The National Fire Service and Civil Protection, distributed small publications to public knowledge concern the prevention measures for private homes
Sweden
Are fire inspections carried out for
private residential premises? No, fire inspections on private dwellings is not mandatory.
Is there a requirement for smoke detectors in residential premises?
Yes. The SRSA published an information sheet on smoke detectors in residential premises that highlights the obligation to install smoke detectors.
Smoke detectors, percent 68% of all dwellings. In small houses 84% and in flats 50% (1997) Are there any other fire prevention
activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
Yes, chimney sweeping
Are there any other fire prevention requirements for private homes? No
The Netherlands
Are fire inspections carried out for
private residential premises? No, only 1 local government carries out fire inspections on local premises (2001)
Is there a requirement for smoke
detectors in residential premises? Not for existing building but with the enforcement of the new Building Act this is a requirement for al new buildings.
Smoke detectors, percent Approximately 1 million smoke detectors are sold. This means that in every 1 of ten private homes a smoke detector is present.
Are there any other fire prevention activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
No
Are there any other fire prevention requirements for private homes? No
UK
Are fire inspections carried out for private residential premises? No Is there a requirement for smoke
detectors in residential premises? All new private or commercial residential premises are required to provide smoke detectors in accordance with government guidance or the
appropriate British Standard.
Fire Brigades undertake many campaigns to encourage the ownership of smoke detectors in private homes. Many public authorities and private housing associations provide smoke detectors.
Smoke detectors, percent Surveys suggest that about 75-80% of domestic properties own a smoke alarm.
Are there any other fire prevention activities that are mandatory for residential premises?
All residential premises, other than individual private dwellings, are required to have an appropriate level of fire safety. This will depend on the nature and use of the building.
Are there any other fire prevention
requirements for private homes? For individual private homes – No.