Campos mínimos más propensos a presentar errores de completitud

In order to answer research questions 6.1.6, 6.1.7 and 6.1.8, and to test the hypotheses H6.1 to 6.4, the researcher used a questionnaire to gauge the student views in relation to secure email awareness. These hypotheses were tested for both Bahrain and the UK, using a one sample t-test. This kind of test finds out whether the mean of the responses of the questions 12, 13, 14 and 15 of the questionnaire is different from the neutral level (assumed to be an acceptable level of awareness) defined as 21. The acceptable level is decided by the researcher, and is counted as a multiplication of 6 (for 6 items of each question) and the neutral scale value (3.5).

Q11 BAH UK

What are the reasons beyond that? S ig n ed e m a il En cr y p te d e m a il S ig n ed /encr y p te d S ig n ed e m a il En cr y p te d e m a il S ig n ed /encr y p te d No % No % No % No % No % No % It is too hard to do 34 46.6 31 42.5 8 11 92 80.7 5 4.4 17 14.9

I am worried that the recipient won’t be able to read

25 36.2 31 44.9 13 18.8 4 3.5 11 9.6 11 9.6

I don’t care enough to 6 5.3 2 1.8 78 68.4 6 8.5 1 1.4 49 69

I don’t know how to 1 0.9 5 4.4 34 29.8 4 5.6 4 5.6 12 16.9

A. Students’ awareness of secure email for general purpose

The students were asked to answer question 12 in the questionnaire-3 (See Appendix A), related to their awareness of secure email when they access their frequent email for general purpose.

We can conclude from Table 6.6 that hypothesis H6.1 (which stated that the respondents‘ awareness of secure email is different from the acceptable level of awareness for the population when they access email for general purpose) is accepted (P=<0.05) and the mean is less than the acceptable level of awareness for both BAH and UK (15.44,10.5 < 21). Therefore the respondents have less awareness.

B. Students’ awareness of secure email when emailing their families/friends

Question 13 related to the students‘ awareness of secure email when they contact their families and friends. Data analysis of the t-test for this question is shown in Table 6.6.

This concludes hypothesis H6.2, (which stated that The respondents‘ awareness of secure email is different from the acceptable level of awareness when they access email for their families and friends ) is accepted (P<0.05) and the mean are less than the

BAH UK

Email access purpose t-test P- value mean t-test P- value mean General purpose 14.038 0.000 15.44 33.298 0.000 10.5 Families/friends 8.316 0.000 17.05 17.75 0.000 13.7 Important member 10.038 0.000 16.35 15.35 0.000 13.5 Powerful organization 0.961 0.338 20.62 1517 0.132 20.4 Table 6.6: t-test details of Students’ awareness of secure email

acceptable level of awareness for the population for both BAH and UK (17.75, 13.7 < 21).

C. Students’ awareness of secure email when emailing an important member of an organization

Question 14 related to the students‘ awareness of secure email when emailing an important member in an institution or organization. Data analysis relating to the t-test of hypothesis 6.3 is shown in Table 6.6.

Table 6.6 concludes that hypothesis H6.3 (stating that The respondents‘ awareness of secure email is different from the acceptable level of awareness for the population when they access their email for institution/organization purposes) is accepted and the mean are less than the acceptable level of awareness for the population for both BAH and UK (16.35,13.5 < 21).

D. The importance of security actions of the email is not different from the neutral level

In order to test hypothesis H6.4 which stated that ―Students are aware of the importance of the security settings for the email to be secure ― the students were asked in question 15 about their opinions regarding the importance of modifying security settings on their email. The result of the t-test is shown in the Table 6.6.

It may be concluded that the hypothesis is rejected for Bahrain and the UK because p >0.05 and the importance of security settings means are not different from the acceptable level of awareness (20.7).

E. Differences between the students’ awareness of secure email in Bahrain and the UK

In order to test hypothesis H6.5 which stated that there are differences in awareness of secure email between students in Bahrain and students in the UK, an independent

sample t-test was applied. The following result concludes that the hypothesis H6.5 is accepted (t-test=9.720, df=247, P=0.000= P<0.05).

6.5.4 Qualitative analysis A. Interviews result

In order to answer as well as clarify our research questions, some interviews were conducted with students in Bahrain and the UK. This involved two students from the University of Warwick, two students from the University of Bahrain and one lecturer from Arab Open University.

A semi-structured interview was designed in order to answer the research questions (See Appendix B for the interviews template). The overall structure of the questions was as below:

1. Students‘ perceptions about secure email aspects. 2. How often they access their frequent emails. 3. How aware they are of secure email.

4. Their viewpoint about future plans for email security and why.

 The majority of the interviewees from both countries stated that they do not know the security aspect of emails.

 The frequent email of the students in Warwick University is the university email, Microsoft Outlook.

 The interviewees in Bahrain stated that they do not frequently use their university email in their learning.

 The interviewees in both countries stated that they do not know about signing and encryption techniques, and they do not want to use it in future, because signing and encryption takes time to learn and to apply.

B. Results of open-ended questions

Some participants commented on question 10 which is related to signing and encryption, that their frequent email was secure and that they did not need to go through a complicated procedure.