El canto y lo psíquico

There was a total of eight items included in the facilitator questionnaire. The responses to each of the items of the facilitators of research questionnaire were rated on a 5-point scale. For each respondent these ratings were summed to obtain a total Facilitator Score with a highest possible score of 32 if the ‘To a great extent’ category, coded 4, was selected for all 8 items of the Facilitators scale. For the study, the mean total Facilitator Score across all hospitals was 26.10.

The mean total Facilitator Scores were calculated for the participants from each of the five different hospitals to assess whether there were any differences in these mean values across the hospitals and to identify hospitals with high facilitators of research. The higher the mean total Facilitator Score, the more these factors are perceived as

Faisal Research Centre had the highest mean total Facilitator score (27.90), followed by nurses from Prince Mohammed Hospital (27.10), King Fahad Medical City (25.50), King Salman Hospital (24.30) and Al-Yamamah Hospital (Table 5.23).

Table 5.23. Mean total Facilitator Score for hospitals

Hospital n Mean SD

Al-Yamamah Hospital 137 21.00 4.68

Prince Mohammed Hospital 202 27.10 5.68

King Fahad Medical City 670 25.50 15.17

King Salman Hospital 200 24.30 4.24

King Faisal Research Centre 615 27.90 2.47

All hospitals 1824 26.10 5.60

King Faisal Research Centre and King Fahad Medical City represent the biggest medical centres and are both accredited hospitals with implemented structures and processes for evidence-based practice and nursing research despite the varying modes of organisation in the these hospitals. This is compared to the rest of the hospitals, such as Al-Yamamah Hospital where, for example, nurses reported the least mean total Facilitators score, followed by nurses at King Salman Hospital. Similar to the results for the mean total Barrier Score, Prince Mohammad Hospital had the second highest mean total Facilitator Score. Furthermore, as per the Barrier Score results, it is difficult to offer an explanation for the higher mean total Facilitator Score for nurses at the smaller Prince Mohammed Hospital.

The perceived mean total Facilitator Scores were assessed for significant differences across hospitals using a one-way analysis of variance with an adjustment for violation of homogeneity of variance through the Welch correction (Table 5.24).

Table 5.24. Comparison of mean total Facilitator Score across hospitals Hospital Comparison hospital

One-Way ANOVA p-value Pairwise p-value Mean Difference (95% CI) Al-Yamamah

Hospital Prince Mohammed Hospital

F(4,939.2)

=60.4

p<.001

<.001 (-7.8, -4.3) King Fahad Medical

City <.001 (-5.9, -3)

King Salman Hospital <.001 (-4.9, -1.8) King Faisal Research

Centre <.001 (-8.3, -5.6)

Prince Mohammed Hospital

King Fahad Medical

City 0.016 (0.2, 3)

King Salman Hospital <.001 (1.2,4.3) King Faisal Research

Centre 0.4 (-2.2, 0.4)

King Fahad

Medical City King Salman Hospital <.001 (0.001, 2.3) King Faisal Research

Centre <.001 (-3.3, -1.7)

King Salman Hospital

King Faisal Research

Centre <.011 (-4.6, -2.6)

Results showed that nurses coming from various hospitals perceived required facilitations differently (F(4,939.2)=60.4, p<.001). Dunnett T3 pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences in mean total facilitator score between nurses working in the different hospitals (Table 5.24) as follows:

- Nurses working in Al-Yamamah Hospital had significantly lower mean perceived total Facilitator Scores than those in Prince Mohammed Hospital (p<.001, 95%, CI: -7.8, -4.3), and from those working in King Fahad Medical City (p<.001, 95% CI: -5.9, -3) as well as from those working in King Salman Hospital (p<.001, 95% CI: -4.9, -1.8) and King Fahad Medical City (p<.001. 95% CI: -8.3, -5.6);

- Nurses working in Prince Mohammed Hospital had a significantly higher mean perceived total Facilitator score than those working in King Fahad Medical City

(p= .016, 95% CI: 0.2, - 3) and then those working in King Salman Hospital

(p<.001, 95% CI: 1.2, 4.3);

- King Fahad Medical City had a slightly higher mean perceived total Facilitator score than King Salman Hospital (p<.001 95% CI: 0.001, 2.3) but a lower mean score than King Faisal Research Centre (p<.001, 95% CI: -3.3, -1.7;

- Nurses working in King Salman Hospital had a significantly lower mean perceived total Facilitator score than those in King Faisal Research Centre (p=0.011, 95% I: -4.6, -2.6); and Nurses at King Faisal Research Centre and Prince Mohammed Hospitals did not differ significantly on their mean perceived total Facilitator scores for utilising research (p=0.40, 95% CI: -2.2, 0.4).

These results indicate, as previously mentioned, that King Faisal Research Centre and Prince Mohammed hospitals had nearly equal mean total Facilitator Scores. These hospitals also had the highest mean scores amongst all hospitals which indicated nurses’ perception of facilitators at this hospital to be more effective for research utilisation than other hospitals.

The mean percentage total Barrier and total Facilitator Scores were compared between the five hospitals to examine if there was any correlation between these scores for each of the individual hospitals (Figure 5.1).

Figure 5.1. Comparison of mean total Barrier and Facilitators Scores as a percentage of total scores across hospitals

As can be identified from Figure 5.1, Al-Yamamah Hospital and King Salman Hospital had the lowest percentage Facilitator Scores. This indicates that nurses’ perceptions of facilitators of research utilisation in these hospitals were lower compared to nurses in other hospitals for the study. In contrast, nurses at these two hospitals also had the lowest percentage Barrier Score which is indicative of opportunities for good research utilisation as the barrier to research utilisation is low. Conversely, nurses at King Faisal Research Centre had the highest percentage Barrier Score which indicates the presence of more barriers to research utilisation in that hospital when compared to the other hospitals. As discussed previously, this may be attributed to the greater work load in such tertiary hospitals as the King Faisal Research Centre which may be a barrier to research utilisation. Furthermore, King Faisal Research Centre also had the highest percentage perceived Facilitator Score which indicated nurses’ perception of facilitators at this hospital to be more effective for research utilisation than other

hospitals (Figure 5.1). King Faisal Research Centre has more of a research culture, as identified by the participants, which supports these results.