Obtención Citrus Punch- Refresco
2. Capacitar al estudiante de modo que pueda individualmente elaborar y conceptuar sobre, procesos en la obtención de salsas y aderezos frutas
As in many African countries, before the advent of colonial rule, a communal system of housing delivery was practised in most Nigerian communities, where houses were built through communal
efforts by peer groups (Kabir & Bustani, 2009). During the colonial period up to 1960, the government started to intervene in the delivery of housing in 1928 leading to the establishment of the Lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB), which was charged with the responsibility of planning and developing the capital city of Lagos. In 1956 the government established the Nigerian Building Society (NBS). During this colonial period government involvement in housing focused essentially on the provision of quarters for expatriate staff and for selected indigenous staff in specialised occupations such as the police, armed forces, marines and railways. The government did not make any effort to ensure the provision of housing for either rent or sale to the general public (Aribigbola, 2008; Kabir & Bustani, 2009).
During the post-colonial period Nigeria‘s post-independence governments embraced and promoted with zeal the concept of government residential areas (GRAs) instead of providing housing to the general public, until around 1979 through the policy on affordable housing (Aribigbola, 2008). The policy on affordable housing introduced by the government in 1979 was one of the earlier major housing policy initiatives by the then Shehu Shagari administration. The policy was based on an unsustainable tenet that houses would be provided by government and therefore, though laudable, was unable to meet the nation‘s housing needs (Akeju, 2007). The importance of providing adequate housing in Nigeria was enshrined in the country‘s National Development Plans (NDPs) from 1962 to 1985 and the National Rolling Plans (NRPs) from 1990 to date, for housing also to serve as a tool to stimulate the national economy (Ademiluyi, 2010; EFInA and FinMark Trust, 2010). Table 6.1 shows some of the housing priorities in the NDPs:
Table 6.1: Housing as reflected in the Nigerian National development Plan
Year Policy Emphasis of the NDP on housing and achievements 1962–1968 National Development
Government accepted housing as part of its social and political responsibilities, and put emphasis on housing provision for all social groups. military government planned to construct 202 000 housing units per year. The state governments and the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) were directly involved and provided the necessary infrastructure. (This marked the beginning of the decentralisation of the FHA to state levels).
The Ministry of Housing, National Development and Environment was created with sole responsibility for housing.
In 1979 the civilian government of Lagos State declared a five-year state housing programme (1979–
1983) of 50 000 units, but only 28 500 units were completed.
1981–1985 National Development Plan (NDP) 4 Period
The provision of 2 000 housing units yearly in each of the then 19 states of the Federation, but by the end of the period, only 47 200 units were completed.
Source: EFInA and FinMark Trust, 2010
The first National Housing Policy (NHP) for Nigeria was introduced in 1991 with the goal of ensuring adequate access to decent and affordable housing by all Nigerians, and one of its primary objectives was to make the private sector the main vehicle for the organisation and delivery of housing products and services (Aribigbola, 2008). The following are summarised strategies and guidelines contained in the NHP:
Mobilisation of savings into mortgage institutions
Provision of incentives for the capital market to invest in property development
Provision of policy controls over the allocation of resources between the housing sector and other sectors of the economy
Facilitation of flow of domestic and international resources into the priority housing areas, such as low-income housing
Need for government to establish voluntary schemes, mandatory schemes and provide substantial budgetary allocations and financial transfer to the housing finance system
Establishment of the NHF to be administered by the Federal Mortgage Bank
Ensuring that commercial banks, merchant banks and insurance companies are given reasonable conditions to encourage them to invest in mortgage business.
By the time the civilian administration came into being in 1999, it was clear that the housing challenge was persisting, despite the implementation of the 1991 national housing policy strategies.
This led to the review of the housing policy by a 15-man committee, which resulted in the formulation of the Draft National Housing Policy (NHP) of 2004. The draft policy was subjected to critical comments and input across the different states of the federation (Waziri & Roosli, 2013). The policy‘s most significant innovations was the shift away from government-built houses to privately built housing (Aribigbola, 2008). Its objective was to ensure that all Nigerians owned or had access to decent, safe, and sanitary affordable housing with secure tenure through private sector initiatives with government encouragement and involvement (Akeju, 2007). The policy became an official document in 2006. The responsibility for the implementation of this policy was vested in the Federal Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development. This policy led to the reform of the NHF management and operations to make the fund more accessible to prospective borrowers. This resulted in the reduction of interest rates on loans to private developers, state housing corporations and loans to individuals (Aribigbola, 2008). The policy had the following as objectives, amongst others:
The development of the mortgage finance market to increase mortgage flow and thereby promoting home ownership
The participation of real estate developers and state agencies in the provision of affordable housing
Enhancing housing supply chain components
Re-structuring the FMBN to provide long-term funds for mortgages
Creation of Federal Ministry of Housing and Urban Development
Improvement in the quality of rural housing, rural infrastructure and environment.
The most significant differences between the new policy and the previous ones is that housing was now seen in the context of overall national development in contrast to when housing was regarded as a social service and a natural fall-out of the national economic development. Furthermore, the policy
identified the fact that different people both within and between income groups tended to have different demands for housing, moving away from the one-size-fits-all syndrome. This is evident from the ultimate goal of the housing policy which is to ensure that all Nigerians own or have access to decent housing accommodation at affordable cost. The current focus removed all barriers to the supply of housing and provision of incentives to all parties involved in the housing delivery system.
The policies from the past until now had always been formulated with good intentions, but the formulators of the policies did not spell out the direction, neither did they take into consideration the amount of involvement required from the would-be beneficiaries. A typical shortcoming of the previous policies usually carried the slogan: ‗housing for all Nigerians‘. This statement ordinarily assumed that all families in Nigeria would be provided with adequate housing regardless of who needed it and with no contribution or participation being expected from the beneficiaries (Ajanlekoko, 2001; Agbavboa, 2014).
After considering the housing situation in the country, reviewing the past and current housing plans, studying the housing situations in comparator countries to identify the main constraints to the provision of housing in Nigeria, the government developed the country‘s Vision 2020 on housing.
The vision on housing was to make the housing sector one of the top three contributors to the nation‘s economy by adding 10 million decent and affordable homes to the national housing stock by the year 2020. According to the National Technical Working Committee on Housing (2009), the following five were key issues that needed to be addressed to enhance the delivery of housing in Nigeria: land administration, housing finance, legal and regulatory framework, skill and capacity building, building materials and appropriate design, and technology. The objectives of the Vision 2020 on housing were as follows:
Develop an effective land administration system to make land ownership available, accessible and easily transferable at affordable rate
Provide adequate and affordable housing finance to all Nigerians by developing an efficient primary mortgage market
Establish an effective legal and regulatory framework to enforce the control and monitoring of housing delivery
Develop professional and skilled human resources, and build adequate capacity through training and skill acquisition to support the housing sector
Reduce the cost of production of houses by developing and promoting appropriate designs and production technologies for the housing sector
Add 10 million new homes to the national housing stock.
Based on the objectives of the National Vision 2020 to achieve a gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 900 billion by the year 2020, which was an average annual GDP growth of about 15 per cent over a period of 12 years, the overall target for housing was agreed to be to
contribute to Nigeria‘s quest of achieving a USD 900 billion GDP by the year 2020
formalise home ownership through credit to at least 50 per cent of Nigerian families within the next 12 years
build 1 million new homes every year for the next 12 years
simplify land administration procedures for conversion of customary titles to statutory titles to capture the majority of the underserved market
mobilise more household savings for housing through primary mortgage institution (PMI) and microfinance operations
provide access to credit to existing stock of homes so as to stimulate economic activities.
To achieve the objectives of the Vision 2020 on housing, Nigeria developed goals, targets and initiatives per objective. Table 6.2 contains each of the six objectives, the goals and targets of the vision:
Table 6.2: Objectives and goals/targets of Nigeria’s Vision 2020 housing strategy
Objective Goal/Target
Confer secure, registrable and marketable title on land
Establish an efficient and transparent land title transfer system
Simplify existing land procedures for effective title and consent delivery
Enforce the NHF contributions as enshrined by the Act
Recapitalise the PMIs to a minimum of N 10 billion
Privatise the FMBN and FHA into government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) that will provide a linkage between the mortgage market and the capital market
Direct the National Pension Commission (PENCOM) to invest part of its pension funds to invest in mortgage products.
Encourage government ministries, departments, parastatals and agencies to place fund deposits with the recapitalised PMIs.
Establish an effective legal
Provide targeted subsidies to facilitate home ownership to lower-income groups
Objective Goal/Target
Rehabilitate all existing technical and vocational training centres, and build new ones to ensure sustainable production of skilled human resources for the housing industry
Revive the certification and registration of skilled human resources through trade tests
Appoint qualified housing industry professionals to manage housing ministries, departments, institutions, parastatals and agencies
Restructure and fund the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to be more effective
Fund and upgrade facilities in relevant faculties and departments of institutions of higher learning as enumerated in the National Building Code (NBC).
Commercialise the products of R&D of the Nigeria Building and Road Research Institute, and other allied institutes
Enforce the provisions of NBCs
Promote appropriate and cost-effective design of houses for different parts of the country with a view to satisfying peculiar local considerations.
Add 10 million new homes to the national housing stock
Build an average of 1 million new homes every year
Ensure that at least 50 per cent of the new homes are built in urban centres and the remaining ones in the rural areas
Provide incentives to encourage public–private partnerships in mass housing development.
Source: Nigeria National Technical Working Group on Housing, 2009
6.3.4 Housing Systems, Plans and Institutions
To support the implementation of the housing policy, to address the housing issue since as early as before independence from Britain, the Nigerian government introduced the following systems, plans and institutions (EFInA & FinMark Trust, 2010; Ademiluyi 2010; Kabir & Bustani, 2009; Nigeria National Technical Group on Housing, 2009):
6.3.4.1 The Lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB), 1928
The Lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB) was established in 1928 to deal with the clearance of slums, land reclamation, and the development of both residential and industrial estates. It was also charged with the responsibility of planning and developing the capital city of Lagos. The housing scheme introduced by LEDB was directed at civil servants as its beneficiaries and housing units would only be sold to civil servants through a payroll deduction system. The LEDB‘s slum clearance attempt resulted in the construction of additional houses in Surulere, which was the first attempt at urban renewal in Nigeria.
6.3.4.2 The Nigerian Building Society (NBS), 1956
The Nigerian Building Society (NBS) was established in 1956 for the purpose of providing housing loans to both civil servants and the public. This programme was aimed at extending housing opportunities to more Nigerians, including those in the private sector. Unfortunately, it almost only benefitted communities within Lagos and only an insignificant number of people outside Lagos.
6.3.4.3 The Federal Housing Authority (FHA), 1973
The Federal Housing Authority‘s (FHA) primary role was that of proposing to government, housing and ancillary infrastructural services for the development and implementation of those approved by government. During the NHP of 1991, the FHA was further responsible for developing and managing real estate on a and profitable basis in all states of the country; provide site-and-services scheme to all income groups in the major cities, with special emphasis on income earners; and provide low-income houses in all states.
6.3.4.4 The Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN), 1977
Through the conversion of the National Building Society (NBS), the Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN) was primarily established for the purpose of financing housing loans to housing developers at minimal interest rates. Initially, the NBS as a vehicle for housing delivery in Nigeria performed the functions of both primary and secondary mortgage institutions, before the decision by the federal government to separate the two functions by creating the erstwhile Federal Mortgage Finance of Nigeria to take over the primary mortgage function, allowing the NBS to operate as a secondary mortgage market. The functions of the FMBN as spelt out in the housing policies were as follows: (i) to develop a secondary mortgage market for housing finance to improve the liquidity of the system; (ii) to act as guarantor for loan stock floated by the primary mortgage institutions; and (iii)
to manage the NHF. The EFInA and FinMark Trust (2010) described the FMBN as the apex mortgage institution in Nigeria with a broad mandate to (i) link the capital market with the housing markets; (ii) encourage the emergence and promotion of the growth of viable primary mortgage loan originators to serve the needs for housing delivery in Nigeria; (iii) mobilise domestic and foreign funds into the housing sector; and (iv) to collect and administer the NHF in accordance with the provisions of the National Housing Fund Act.
6.3.4.5 The National Housing Trust Fund (NHTF), 1992
The NHTF was established to address housing finance challenges in the low-income sector. It was informed by the housing demand gap and the difficulty of accessing finance through commercial banks and other financial institutions. It was mandatory for every Nigerian earning an income of N3,000 (US$20) and above to contribute 2.5 per cent of his or her basic monthly income or salary to the fund, and the government, insurance companies, pension funds and banks also contributed. After contributing to the scheme for a period of six months, workers were entitled to a mortgage loan for a maximum of 90 per cent of house value at a rate of 6 per cent per annum for 30 years. According to EFInA and FinMark Trust (2010), the following are some of the key objectives of the NHTF: (1) to ensure that the provision of housing units is based on realistic standards that are affordable to house owners; (2) to give priority to housing programmes designed to benefit the low-income group; and (3) to encourage households to own their houses through the provision of credit or funding.
6.3.4.6 The State Housing Corporation (SHC)
The State Housing Corporation (SHC) was established to provide housing to the public at affordable prices through the development of estates and at the same time providing mortgage for the people to build houses and pay back over many years.
6.3.4.7 The Federal Mortgage Finance Limited (FMFL)
To replace the Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN), take over retail mortgage portfolios previously handled by the FMBN and also facilitate the effective management of the National Housing Fund (NHF) Scheme, the Federal Mortgage Finance Limited (FMFL) was established.
6.3.4.8 The Housing Policy Council (HPC)
The Housing Policy Council (HPC) was established to monitor developments in the housing sector and to establish the system for the review of the 1978 Land Use Decree (LUD) to make more land available for large scale land developers.
6.3.4.9 The Federal Housing Authority (FHA)
To include provisions of national social housing as part of the strategy towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals, the mandate of the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) was reviewed.
The new FHA‘s functions were (1) the preparation and submission from time to time to the government of proposals for national housing programmes; (2) the making of recommendations to the government on such aspects of urban and regional planning, transportation, communications, electric power, sewerage, and water supply development as may be relevant to the successful execution of housing programmes approved by the government; and (3) the execution of such housing programmes as may be approved by the government.
6.3.4.10 The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development in 2003
The ministry was established to be responsible for ensuring adequate and sustainable housing delivery and maintenance of a conducive living environment that met the needs and aspirations of Nigerians.
6.3.4.11 Housing-related legislation
The following housing-related laws were promulgated to serve as the legal and regulatory framework for enhancing housing delivery in Nigeria (Ademiluyi, 2010):
(i) The Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria Act 1977: The Act was promulgated for the establishment of the Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria and its Board of Directors. The primary function of the bank was to provide long-term credit facilities to mortgage institutions in Nigeria.
(ii) The National Housing Fund Act 1992: The Act was promulgated to provide for the establishment of the National Housing Fund. The primary aim and objective of the Fund were to facilitate the mobilisation of funds for the provision of houses for Nigerians at affordable prices.
(iii) The Mortgage Institution Acts 1992: The Act was promulgated to provide for the licensing of mortgage institutions and to lay down rules for mortgage business.
(iv) The Land Use Act 1978: The Act was promulgated to provide for the standardisation of land administration systems across the country. The Act vested all urban land within a state in the state governor and all non-urban land in the local governments.
6.3.4.12 Nigeria’s housing supply structure and institutions
Nigeria‘s housing supply structure is comprised of the formal and the informal sectors. Table 6.3 indicates this structure:
Table 6.3: Nigeria’s housing supply structure
Formal (Public sector) Formal (Organised Private sector) Informal sector
Federal Ministry of Housing
Amongst the aforementioned stakeholders there are those who perform the function of regulating the real estate and housing sector in the country. This sector is regulated primarily by the Federal Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development and on a limited scale by a number of professional bodies that influence the activities of sector participants and stakeholders through regulations and pronouncements. These professional bodies in the sector include the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV), Nigerian Institute of Town Planning (NITP), Nigeria Institute of Architects (NIA), Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NIQS), Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) and Nigerian Institute of Building (NIOB). The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) are responsible for regulations on the financial side of the sector (EFInA and FinMark Trust, 2010).
6.3.4.13 Community participation in housing development
6.3.4.13 Community participation in housing development