CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS SISTEMAS DE MEMORIA

According to (Mandeli, 2011), some immigrants attempt to maintain their cultural identity by opening clothing stalls, food shops and restaurants that cater for their special needs. This can be seen as a treatment for uprooting them from their roots and trying to form a similar social life, practicing their habits and behaviors from their original life. Nevertheless, the immigrants cannot be depicted as incorporating within the society, because of the different of languages, origins and ethno-national, and tribes. Huo states that immigrants play a critical role in shaping the city’s planning and landscape as they create new cultures within neighborhoods and within the city urban context (Huo, 2013).

Population structure of Jeddah has a built on many different nationalities, such as many immigrants workers moved to the city for opportunities of employment. Although there has been a leniency and traditional acceptance of immigrants working and living in Jeddah, (Mandeli, 2011) says over recent years, a perception has developed by some residents that there are too many foreign migrant workers, which has exposed increased feelings of uncertainty, anxiety and insecurity. Saudis fears of immigrants in the economic, social, cultural, and security aspects, especially of unemployed immigrants.

The immigrant workers have brought with them from their home cultures new customs, traditions, skills, practices and ideas, which changed the cultural and social content of Jeddah city. Immigrant workers from Middle East and Arab countries, and also those from Pakistan, India, Philippines and Indonesia, flay to Saudi Arabia for work opportunities that often not exist in their original country, or to improve their social and economic life. This has contributed to produce an active culture and cosmopolitan urban life.

People living in Jeddah have different ethnic origins, which have helped to forming the attitudes and behavior of the residents of the city, so that different forms of exclusion are presented against immigrants, such as discrimination, segregation, avoidance and unwillingness to communicate, through public policy, and access restrictions. However, Islamic norms have reduced visible discrimination among the people of the city, but still there are some social exclusion and anti- immigrant attitudes. In addition, Saudi citizens have been concerned about different nationalities and regional identities, as well as the emergence of perception of potential threats because of the numbers of international immigrants. Therefore, many workers immigrants come to Saudi Arabia to gain money and fulfill workforce needs in the country, but they are often socialize with people from the same country and cultural background (Mandeli, 2011).

Saudis’ desires to take off the source of competition and threat appear in negative attitudes towards immigrant workers, and the consequent racial discrimination. (Yamni 2000). Berry (2008) suggests that attitudes towards foreigners can differ, according to the status of the incomers, such as whether

they are asylum seekers or refugees, as well as others who are foreign migrant workers in Jeddah. According to person character, differ attitudes towards immigrants , as well as their social and religious inclinations.

(Al-Gabbani, Alhusein, 2005) confirms that there is a change of attitudes of residents towards immigrant because of the acceptance of immigrant in the labor market. Although Islam12 _condemns

discrimination and encourages pro-social behavior, some citizens feel that their cultural identity and economy is threatened. This is often linked with employment concerns by citizens, and especially young people, as foreign migrant workers become residents in the country.

Saudis who have foreign-born parents or grandparents and have been integrated into Jeddah community tend to have good attitudes towards immigrants. Harmony and mutual acceptance between ethno-cultural groups has been promoted by these Saudis who have possessed citizenship for long time. Although immigration has contributed to the development of the city of Jeddah, attitudes of these citizens towards migrant workers can vary according to the status of ethnic group members, their professional skills, or if the foreigners are required for work (Yamni, 2000, 2009).

Native people, who originally came from the rural areas across the country to settle in Jeddah and became a majority group in the city, tend to have more bad attitudes towards immigrants. Native people consider themselves to be superior groups, because of their tribal nativist sentiments and origins. Those native people support the concept of hierarchies among Saudi nationals and often show prejudice against others in order to present their social dominance. Guimond, Oliveira et al. (2010) Esses and Wagner et al. (2006) say that traditionalists create damage to existing group-based social hierarchy, because as they view those native residents who have historical origins outside the Kingdom as second class citizens.

(Yamni, 2000; Fakeeh, 2009) explain that most Saudis who have bad attitudes towards immigrants think that expatriates take economic opportunities and available work away from citizens, who are cannot find work. Saudi nationals, such as the traditionalists, consider the presence of low-skilled foreign workers, especially from Pakistan, India and Africa, to be the main cause of Saudi unemployment, as well as the main cause of crime, moral corruption and serious social divisions. Concerns about anti-social behavior and changing social norms have contributed to more negative attitudes towards expatriates, which are often xenophobic.