3.2 CLIMA SOCIAL
3.2.4 Características del clima social del aula
CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Relationship of Environment with Public Administration 3.2 Politico – Constitution Environment of Public
Administration
3.3 Economic Environment on Public Administration 3.4 Cultural Environment on Public Administration
3.5 Social Environment in the Working of Public Administration
4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Public Administration deals with human beings, therefore, it is influenced by the environment in which it is required to function. It is a well-known fact that no administrator can ignore his/her circumstances.
Administration and environments mutually affect each other so much so that it can be said that the study of the environment for proper study of a public administration system is unavoidable. Therefore, there are different types of environments covered, and each one has an impact on the administration. For example, economic conditions always have a deep impact on the economic structure and organisation of the society.
Similarly, the administrative system contributes to economic development, etc.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit, you will be able to:
discover that the study of public administration is incomplete without the study of its interaction with external environments importance of the study of Environment
understand how political and constitutional environment of a country are interlinked with its public administration system
explain the impact of the economic environment on public administration
describe the role of language, education, values and communication system on administration etc.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Relationship of Environment with Public Administration
It has rightly been said that public administration and all types of environments are closely linked with each other and thus are interlinked.Public administration deals with human beings and as such, it is a human activity. Such activity is bound to be decidedly affected by the environments in which it is required to function. All human problems with which public administration is concerned are created and solved sooner or later by the environments. Even awakening capacity to think and react in favour of or against the administrative system is the outcome of environments. Needless to say, that administrative systems, organisations and processes do not develop in a vacuum but grow, develop and decay under certain social systems, cultural traditions and political and economic setup. That is the reason why these radically differ from society to society. These organisations and systems would have been the same all over the world had there been no impact of environments on public administration. Not only this but as the study of comparative public administration is proceeding from simplicity to maturity that seriousness about the impact of environments on it is also increasing.
Therefore, today it is almost accepted by all that for a real and meaningful study of any administrative problem, the environment under which it was created must be simultaneously studied.
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
An administrative system, organisations and processes do not develop in a vacuum; explain this concerning Environment and Public Administration.
3.2 Politico-Constitutional Environment of Public Administration
Public Administration of a country is influenced by political and constitutional set up of the country. Even when similar types of administrative systems are adopted by two countries that function quite differently because of varying political and constitutional systems. It may be all success in one country but maybe an only partial success or complete failure in another country. Public administration is always influenced by constitutional and political environments of the country.
Keeping these environments Ferrel Heady has classified countries and divided these into the following ten categories. In each category he has placed several countries, keeping in view their constitutional and political environment on the one hand and the administrative system on the other.
Thus, each one has its features. He has placed the first four countries in the category of developed and others in developing countries.
The categories are:
France and Japan
Britain and America
Japan
Soviet Union
Traditional Autocratic System
Bureaucratic Elites System: Civil and Military
Polyarchal Comparative Systems
Dominant Party, Semi Comparative systems
Dominant Party Mobilisation Systems
Communist Totalitarian System.
It should be noted that both politico-constitutional environment influence the administrative system and vice-versa. In effect, every constitution is framed keeping political environments into consideration hence it is glaring that when major constitutional and political changes take place, the administrative system also changes.
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
Explain extensively why the Public Administration of a country is influenced by political and constitutional set up?
3.3 Economic Environment on Public Administration
In every country economic activity is the main activity around which every other state activity and the system revolve and public administration is no exception to that. The essential point to note is that the whole administrative system of a country develops after taking economic limitations of the country in view. Accordingly, the economic system of the country decides administrative organisations and procedures on the one hand and honesty and the character of the administrators on the other.
Thus, the point can be elucidated when one finds that some type of administrative set up produces altogether different types of economic systems. To this end, it is pertinent to note that not only when the economic resources in two countries are the same can one set of administrators manage to give better production, whereas the other fails to do so. Thus, administration and economic environment go hand in hand. It is very difficult to understand the administrative system of a country and its problems without properly studying its economic environments.
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
Explain how Public Administration and social organisations have close relationships with each other.
4.0 CONCLUSION
It is pertinent to conclude this unit by opining that we have so far discussed the relationship of an environment with public administration, the importance of the study of Environment, the politico-constitutional environment of public administration, economic environment on public administration, cultural environment on public administration, and social environment in the working of public administration. Summarily, therefore, no public administration can either ignore or undermine the fact that administration and environment mutually affect each other, as public administration does not exist in a vacuum.
5.0 SUMMARY
The entire unit brought to bear the increasing realisation that no administrative system can work successfully without an analytical study of the environment in which it is expected or work. In effect, the need to study of environment for the successful working of a public administration system can be said to be fully realised and appreciated these days.
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. State how the political and constitutional environments of a country are interlinked with its public administration system.
2. Discuss the impactof economic environment on public administration.
3. State the importance of the study of the environment for the study of public administration.
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
Lieber, H. (1970). Public Administration and Environmental Quality.
Public Administration Review,30(3), 277-286.
doi:10.2307/974044.
Ekhator, Victor Eghe (2003). Rudiments of Public Administration.
Kaduna: Joyce Graphic Printers and Publishers Co.
Mukhi, H.R. (1998). Comparative Public Administration. New Delhi:
SBD Publishers.
Nicholas, Henry (2006). Public Administration and Public Affairs. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Ltd.
Williamson, M. (1950). Supervision: Principles and Methods. New York:
Women’s Press.