III. CAMBIO DEL RITO FUNERARIO EN LA TRANSICIÓN DE LA ÉPOCA MODERNA
III.6. Caracteres morfológicos de los cementerios gaditanos
Film production is a high‐wage, labor‐intensive business, employing skilled workers and large numbers of local self‐employed technicians, caterers, actors, laborers, and technical crews. It is heavily
dependent on the hospitality industry to maximize the quality of its temporary residence and brings a "home‐base cost‐of‐living" requirement into the expected quality of life on location. In addition to immediately enhancing the local business environment, production brought in from out of state on a regular basis can serve to accelerate training in a local economy to provide future technical and skilled workers in this sector.
A 2005 study on film production incentives, quoting a research firm specializing in analyzing the economic impact of a movie production in a local community, estimated that, on average, a television production spends approximately $85,000 a day on location for a 7‐ to 14‐day shoot for a single episode. Feature films spend over $100,000 per day, and low budget productions and documentaries average between $15,000 and $35,000 per day. Television commercials average between $50,000 and $100,000 per day, and still shoots run around $25,000 per day.
The film production industry has a vast range of locales in which to conduct their business, thus making it to a state's advantage to try to influence market demand in that sector. Contiguous states and regional opportunities, as well as a range of other U.S. or even foreign sites, are available as a potential business setting for film, T.V., video, or commercial productions. Since there is no fixed physical facility, the restrictions of location are governed by many factors. See Figure 23.
Figure 23 ‐ Production Location Decision Factors
Competition is strenuous within the industry, and thus production companies seek locations that provide the best overall resource structure‐‐financial, tax, human, work environment, community, regulatory, amenities, and low bureaucracy. In the lexicon of economic development, film production is a "But For" business‐‐but for the attraction of a local community's resource structure, there will be no project. According to a 2005 study comparing film production incentives, the challenge for state and local film production promotion efforts is to develop strategies that compete with "best practices" yet have policies that grow the industry while minimizing "pirating" from other areas and avoiding "giving away the store" in financial and tax incentives.
Production Location Decision Economic Factors Anticipated Revenue Production Cost Above the line Work Rules Rates Below the line Crew
Cost Work Rules
Rates Facilities and Equipment Other Expenses Residuals Exchange Rates Gov't Incentives Production Requirements Production Capability Financing Structure Production Infrastructure Crew Depth and Quality Talent/Creative Considerations Script Requirements Director/Actor Preferences
As a result of favorable exchange rates and substantial financial incentives, the United States began losing large amounts of film production revenue to Canada and other countries in the 1990s. This trend, referred to as “runaway production”, was perceived to be the result of calculated efforts by the
governments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, and many Eastern European countries to lure productions and all their related expenditures out of the states. The theory was that incentives coupled with a favorable exchange rate would pull US on‐location filming into other countries and grow their indigenous industry. See Table 56.
Table 56 ‐ International Film Production Incentives 2008
Country Incentive Type Amount
Australia Tax Credit (Content) 15%
Tax Credit (Prod. Services) 40%
Belgium Tax Deduction 150% deduction
Fiji Islands Tax Credit 15%
France Tax Credit 20%
Germany Cash Rebate 15 – 20%
Hungary Tax Assistance 20% of costs
Iceland Cash Rebate 14%
Ireland Tax Assistance 20%
Isle of Man Equity Investment 25% of budget
Luxembourg Cash Rebate 30%
Malta Cash Rebate 15 – 22%
Mexico Tax Assistance 100%
New Zealand Grant 15% of budget
Puerto Rico Investment Tax Credit 40%
South Africa Cash Rebate 15% Foreign Prod. 35% S.A. Prod.
United Kingdom Tax Credit 20 – 25%
US Virgin Islands Tax Assistance 90%
Source: Borden Ladner Gervais LLP
A 2002 report by the Center for Entertainment Industry Data and Research (CEIDR) estimated the economic loss to the U.S. Economy since the Canadian rebates at $4.1 billion equating to an average of 25,000 jobs a year. In response, many states moved forward with incentive packages for the film industry in order to compete. Currently, 41 states offer some form of film production incentives. See Table 57. A complete listing of state film incentives is included in Appendix J.
Table 57 ‐ US Film Production Incentives
Impact of Film Production Incentives
Gauging the net impact of film production incentives on a state’s total employment is difficult. In a 2006 policy brief on the topic from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, the author identified four factors that created analytical problems in attributing economic growth to offered incentives. First, there is the issue of not knowing precisely how many people the film industry would employ in the absence of incentives. Second, the multiplier effects of film incentives, like those of all economic activity, are hard to track in a complex, developed economy like that of the United States. The long term impact resulting from increased state exposure and improved image is especially difficult to isolate and measure. Third, the additional jobs attributed to the film incentive may go to individuals hired away from existing firms, not to people who are unemployed or attracted from other states. Fourth, because employment in the film industry consists mostly of a series of short‐term discrete projects, analysts have difficulty
determining the extent to which each part‐time job is filled by a different person, or the same worker moves from project to project (a distinct possibility in film and television production).
Recently, Ernst and Young completed an analysis of the economic and fiscal impact of the New Mexico Film Production Tax Credit. In it the economic and fiscal impact examination of the state’s tax credit looked at three categories of spending as the economic activity generated by the tax credit. These
Rebate Tax Credit
Sales Tax Exemption Bed Tax Exemption Content, Timing and/or Location Bonus Infrastructure Projects Loan Fund or Program Grants Free Locations or Services
Colorado Alaska Arizona Idaho Alaska Arizona New Jersey DC Florida Florida Arizona Connecticut Indiana Florida Delaware New Mexico Iowa Maine Connecticut Florida Iowa Georgia Louisiana New York Maine Maryland Delaware Georgia Kansas Louisiana Michigan Montana Minnesota Georgia Idaho Montana Michigan New York New York Mississippi Hawaii Indiana North Carolina New York North Carolina South Carolina New Mexico Illinois Kentucky South Carolina Oklahoma Virginia
Oklahoma Indiana Maine Utah Tennessee West Virginia Oregon Iowa Maryland Vermont Wisconsin
South Carolina Louisiana Massachusetts Virginia South Dakota Massachusetts Minnesota Washington
Tennessee Michigan Mississippi West Virginia Texas Montana New Jersey
Utah New Jersey New Mexico Virginia New York New York Washington North Carolina North Carolina
Wyoming Pennsylvania Oklahoma Rhode Island South Carolina West Virginia Texas
Wisconsin Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin
Note: Income tax incentives are offered by Louisiana (expires 1/2009), North Dakota, Oklahoma, Vermont, Wisconsin Property tax incentive is offered in Connecticut
Wage reimbursement for on‐the‐job training is offered in New Mexico Discounts and Deals Program is offered in Florida
categories were 1) total production expenditures, including those qualifying for the credit and those not qualifying; 2) capital expenditures within the state attributable to the industry; and 3) tourism spending attributable to visitors coming to the state because they had seen it in a film. Taken together, these produced a $1.50 return on every dollar invested in the tax credit.
While sufficient data does not exist to duplicate the New Mexico study for the Florida Film and
Entertainment Industry, Florida’s total production numbers (the only numbers available comparable to what were used in the New Mexico study) were entered into IMPLAN model. Using the total production expenses reported in the 2007 sales tax report of $816,462,452for both in state and out of state
companies, tax revenues (before consideration of the sales tax rebate) of $29.6 million were generated by this spending. This represents a $1.60 return for every incentive dollar spent return. In other words, the state receives back it’s dollar plus an additional 60 cents.
Another way to roughly look at the impact incentives have had is to compare the employment in the Motion Picture and Sound Recording (NAICS 512) industries in states with similarly sized population and geographic location, where one has a film production incentive in place and one does not. Figure 24 below shows employment for three pairs of states from 2001‐2007. These pairs consist of New Mexico and Nevada, Louisiana and Alabama, and Maine and New Hampshire. In each case the first state listed has a film production incentive program in place, the second has no program.
Figure 24 ‐ Incentive Employment Comparison in NAICS 512 in Selected States
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics QCEW Program. Note: Alabama’s film production incentive program lapsed in
2006. ‐ 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 NA IC S 51 2 Em p lo ym e n t New Mexico Nevada Alabama Louisiana New Hampshire Maine
In each case, the state with a film production incentive in place was able to grow its resident film industry infrastructure more rapidly than those states without an incentive. While these observations are far from conclusive, they suggest that film production incentives have a positive impact on employment growth.
This is further reinforced by examining job growth in the Motion Picture and Sound Recording industries (NAICS 512) between 2006 and 2007. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a total of 5,118 jobs were created in the industry in the 50 states between 2006 and 2007. For analysis purposes, these jobs were distributed among the states based on the size of the existing workforce, thus generating the number of “Expected” new jobs. This figure was compared to the “Actual” number of new jobs
recorded in the state. Table 58 illustrates the shifting distribution of industry workers amongst selected states.
Table 58 ‐ Expected versus Actual Job Growth Comparison in NAICS 512
Expected Jobs Actual Jobs
California 2,076 1,237 New York 632 (197) Florida 195 368 Georgia 89 (151) Virginia 68 354 Massachusetts 63 510 Maryland 62 322 North Carolina 62 111 Louisiana 48 908 New Mexico 39 509 Nevada 37 489 Connecticut 30 830 South Carolina 25 283 Pennsylvania 95 225 Mississippi 14 (10) Rhode Island 13 (386)
Again, these figures suggest that robust film incentives can have a positive impact on employment in the film industry and are creating a shift in employment away from the historic major production centers.
Production Cost Comparison
To assess the competitiveness of Florida's incentives with those of selected competing states and Canada, the budget of a medium budget feature film ($20 million) developed and financed by a California studio, was translated to conditions in Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina and South Carolina, as well as Toronto, Canada.
The first step in this comparison was to adopt identical assumptions for all locations to achieve
comparative full production budgets, factoring in the applicable currency exchange to the US dollar for Toronto, Canada and different wage rates for the US and Canada obtained from the Showbiz Labor Guide.
Characteristics of a Representative Medium‐sized Film:
• Financed and budgeted in US dollars; exchange rate of 84 cents to the US dollar for Canada • Production takes advantage of all available incentives, including bonus incentives for shooting at
particular times of the year or particular locations within the state
• Costs are split 30% above the line; 60% below the line and 10% post‐production • $1,000,000 in local purchases made that are subject to sales tax
• Development occurs in California
• Pre‐production, Production and Post Production occurs in the state of choice
• Producer(s), lead Actors, Director, Production Designer, and Director of Photography are California residents, remaining Cast, Extras, Below the Line crew and Post‐production are local • No completion guarantee as internally financed by the studio
• Insurances provided in the US under blanket studio policy • Budgeted in Canada as a shoot in the city of Toronto
• Budgeted in United States as a shoot in most favorable location for incentives in that state The differing wage rates and the film production incentives available in each state and Toronto, Canada for the qualifying project were then applied to the $20 million California budget to calculate a net cost of production. The results are shown in Table 59.
Table 59 ‐ State Film Production Cost Comparison
As seen, Florida production costs are high compared to competing states, even with existing state incentives.
Strategy
There have been previous studies undertaken of the Florida Film and Entertainment Industry, and these provide a useful context in determining strategies for the industry moving forward. For example, in a 1987 publication called Lights! Camera! Florida! – Ninety Years of Moviemaking and Television
Production in the Sunshine State, the study author Dr. Richard Alan Nelson listed eight factors that had made a stable, broadly based film and video industry possible in Florida. These were:
1. Long term growth in demand for new film and video products by industrial as well as consumer‐oriented clients
2. The demise of the old studio system and the rise of the independent producer 3. The convenience afforded by rented, mobile technologies and improved film stocks,
resulting in more location shooting – particularly for television commercials
4. Cheaper production costs (averaging 10‐40% below California) because of right to work laws and union conditions
State % of California cost Budget
California 100% $ 20,000,000 New York 94% $ 18,838,462 Florida 88% $ 17,663,378 Connecticut 82% $ 16,414,201 North Carolina 80% $ 15,955,495 New Mexico 76% $ 15,159,055 South Carolina 74% $ 14,706,309 Louisiana 73% $ 14,699,055 Mississippi 72% $ 14,351,319 Georgia 69% $ 13,794,016 Toronto, CA 68% $ 13,691,642 8 week shoot 6,000,000 $ ABTL 12,000,000 $ BTL (includes $1M in purchases) 2,000,000 $ Post‐Production
Assumes all qualifications for expenditures have been met. Doesn't include discount programs
Doesn't include bed tax exemptions
Assumes Canadian shell company used to earn tax credit Assumes requirements for bonus incentives met Assumes incentive programs fully funded.
5. Locally experienced crew, extras and support personnel ranging from labs to caterers 6. Successful on location experiences resulting in positive word of mouth from independent
producers working in the South
7. Aggressive marketing by the state and city film‐television commissions, providing valuable assistance from red tape cutting to location scouting services
8. Increased local financing
Many of these factors are still true today for a successful indigenous industry. In 2006, the Tourism Committee of the Florida House of Representatives State Infrastructure Council authored a report entitled Florida’s Entertainment Industry Infrastructure: Are We Growing the Indigenous Industry as well
as Supporting Production? This report looked both at the state of the industry within Florida as well as the operations of the Governor’s Office on Film and Entertainment (OFE). The study put forward the following conclusions:
• Other states are aggressively pursuing various aspects of the entertainment industry through a variety of incentives. These incentives have and will continue to impact the amount of
production that the state is able to bring in and the amount we are able to keep in the state. • Some of the states with aggressive incentives, such as Louisiana, do not have the established
infrastructure that Florida has. These states, however, are also aggressively pursuing building of an infrastructure, buildings and people, to support the industry base. Erosion of a well‐known, marketable draw to a state for business needs to be avoided.
• The current financial incentive of the state, although extremely successful, should be reviewed and modified to make it more competitive while retaining the integrity of the incentive to benefit the state and our industry and crew. Issues raised included threshold level of the incentive acting as a disincentive; adequacy of the incentive regarding commercial production, television pilots and series, and independent productions; perception of uncertainty of funding acting as a disincentive to doing business in the state; and ineffectiveness of the incentive for digital media effects and business relocation.
• The use of a transferable corporate tax credit versus annual appropriation should be reviewed to determine if this will ameliorate concerns regarding the state’s incentive and will bring more to the state on a long‐term basis.
• There is a need for a strategic plan for growth of the entertainment industry sector in the state which includes specific steps for growing our indigenous industry. This should be a roadmap developed by OFE in conjunction with EFI, Workforce Florida and appropriate university, college and community college programs. Local film commissions and persons in the industry should be involved as well.
• The variety of incentives that encourage independent production and indigenous industry growth that are being used in other states should be reviewed to determine if these could help benefit Florida.
• Florida is the only state that statutorily specifically excludes electronic gaming from its incentives. Florida should examine how this industry fits into its plans. [ This item has been addressed since this report was issued.]
• The sales and use tax exemption does not include raw stock film and videotapes. This should be reviewed.
• The use of film festivals as distribution hubs for independent filmmakers should continue to be explored.
• The post‐secondary institutions should come together to establish cooperative programs between institutions designed to focus on specific needs of the workplace or on critical needs in professional infrastructure in the entertainment industry
• OFE needs to be fully staffed and funded to make a continual positive impression on the industry and aggressively marketing our state to the world.
Many of these recommendations have been enacted and the others are being considered. In addition to Florida’s studies on the industry, other states have also looked at the problem of growing an indigenous film industry. Many states are adopting strategies to make it easy to create, produce, and distribute film and other media productions from start to finish within their borders. State strategies that have proven successful include the following:
•Offer financial incentives to attract film industry activity, such as tax credits on in‐state expenditures; •Support the development of a state workforce with the skills to contribute to film activity through university‐based and other training programs;
•Market the state to the film industry through state film office Web sites and other means;
•Facilitate the film production process in the state by creating production guides or providing scouting programs; and
•Cultivate local film activity and audiences by encouraging homegrown filmmaking and supporting film festivals and other events that engage the community.
Florida is among those states that have used these strategies. Other states have also looked at developing additional strategies to continue to grow their local film, entertainment and digital media industries. In late 2007, early 2008, for example, Connecticut organized a task force to make
recommendations for creating a sustainable film and digital media industry. The task force
recommendations covered six major strategic areas – marketing, organizational strategy, workforce