Capítulo 1: impacto de la inmigración en Chile
1) Caracterización de la inmigración reciente en Chile
Multiple Choice 1. a 2. d 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. b 12. a 13. d 14. c 15. e Multiple Choice
Circle or highlight the answer that seems to fit best.
1. Education promotes success by
a. helping you learn how to think.
b. guaranteeing a better job.
c. raising your grade point average.
d. giving you a higher salary.
Answer: A
Rationale: Critical thinking, problem solving, and learning how to think are essential today. Students who can think for themselves and problem-solve will also be able to get a better job, a higher GPA, and a higher salary. Parents should not take over thinking for their children nor make every decision for their children.
2. What are the three educational degrees you can have to become an RN?
a. an associate’s degree in nursing, a bachelor’s degree in nursing, a certificate of nursing
b. a bachelor’s degree in nursing, a diploma in nurse assisting, an associate’s degree in nursing
c. only a bachelor’s degree and an associate’s degree
d. a bachelor’s degree in nursing, an associate’s degree in nursing, a diploma in nursing
e. none of the above
Answer: D
Rationale: A bachelor’s degree in nursing (BSN) is from a college or university and is usually completed in 4 – 5 years of full-time study. At the undergraduate level, full-time is a minimum of 12 credit hours per semester. The BSN will be needed for a master’s degree in nursing (MSN). An associate’s degree in nursing (ADN) is received from a community college program and generally can be completed in 2 – 3 years, also full-time.
A diploma in nursing is received from hospital-based programs (less common). A registered nurse (RN) license is required to practice nursing as a RN. All of the above degrees or diploma allow the graduate to sit for the RN state licensure exam, the NCLEX-RN.
3. How is diversity helpful in nursing?
a. It matches the diversity of the U.S. population.
b. It provides culturally competent care.
c. It provides patients with someone to see who they think might understand them.
d. all of the above Answer: D
Rationale: In nursing, the definition of diversity includes race and ethnicity, class, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation, and disabilities. Answer choices A, B, and C all are real reasons that diversity can be helpful in nursing.
4. The majority of RNs work in what setting?
a. hospital b. home health
c. nursing homes or extended care facilities d. public health service
e. none of the above Answer: A
Rationale: Nationally (U.S.), over half (56%) of all nurses work in a hospital setting.
5. Populations nurses might work with include a. elders.
b. heart disease.
c. both a and d.
d. children.
Answer: C
Rationale: Elders and children are populations. Heart disease is a medical diagnosis.
6. One of a nurse’s main jobs is to
a. assist the doctor with his or her orders and patient care.
b. collaborate with the health care team to care for patients.
c. give medications as ordered.
d. clean patients for care, follow doctors’ orders, give shots and other medication.
Answer: B
Rationale: Nursing is a profession and thus, nurses function independently and work with or collaborate with physicians and other disciplines (examples of other disciplines
include physical therapists, respiratory therapists, medical technicians, dietitians, social workers, and pharmacists). Answer choice C infers blind obedience with no thought nor knowledge about the medications, dosages, routes of administration, etc. Answer D uses lay language of ―shots‖ for ―injections.‖
7. The average annual salary of an RN across all work settings was ____ in 2004.
a. $45, 950 b. $57, 784 c. $60, 970 d. $37, 790
Answer: B
Rationale: The following Web site offers multi-faceted data collected from a National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (NSSRN), including 2004 salary averages. Salaries are averaged because regional salary differences do continue, somewhat influenced by regional cost of living differences.
8. There are the most students enrolled in, and RNs with degrees from, a. associate’s degree programs.
b. bachelor’s degree programs.
c. diploma nursing programs.
d. none of the above.
Answer: A
Rationale: a and b are close, with less than a 1% difference in total enrollment.
9. In 2005, what percent of nurses were men?
a. 22%
10. The fastest growing ethnic group in the U.S. with the fewest RNs is a. African American.
b. Asian American.
c. Hispanic.
d. Native American.
Answer: C
Rationale: The Hispanic population is the fastest growing in the U.S.
11. The first university to grant African American nurses a bachelor’s degree was a. Florida A & M in Tallahassee.
b. Howard University.
c. Harlem Hospital School of Nursing.
d. Tuskegee Institute.
Answer: B
Rationale: Universities grant bachelor’s degrees. A is also a university. It is important to know about nursing history in order to understand conditions that exist today in the profession. It is also important to acknowledge all nurses who have contributed to the profession over the years.
12. Which of these is NOT a part of successful intelligence?
a. objective thinking b. analytical thinking c. creative thinking d. practical thinking
Answer: A
Rationale: Successful intelligence (Robert Sternberg, 2000) balances memory and analytical, creative, and practical thinking. Successful intelligence emphasizes flexibility and helps students capitalize on their strengths as well as compensate for or correct their weaknesses.
13. A successfully intelligent person learns from failures by a. looking for someone to blame.
b. focusing on past mistakes.
c. covering up disappointment.
d. analyzing what went wrong and making a new plan.
Answer: D
Rationale: The analytical thinking piece of Robert Sternberg’s (2000) successful intelligence paradigm involves analyzing what went wrong and making a new plan.
14. Students often interact with instructors and peers who have a variety of personal experiences and backgrounds. These differences are called
a. knowledge.
b. socialization.
c. diversity.
d. acclimation.
Answer: C
Rationale: A variety of personal experiences and backgrounds make people diverse.
These differences are diversities that make individuals unique and interesting. Students are more likely to find common ground with diverse instructors.
15. Which is characteristic of a lifelong learner?
a. keeping an open mind during new experiences and learning from diversity b. continually increasing your knowledge
c. taking risks to reach goals d. only a and b
e. all of the above Answer: E
Rationale: Lifelong learners are open to new ideas, decisions, skills, and behaviors.
Lifelong learning is attitudinal; it is a concept, a philosophy, a pedagogy that says, ―It is
never too soon nor too late for learning.‖ It means that there are learning opportunities at all ages and in all areas of life: home, school, work, even vacation. Other aspects of lifelong learning: ask questions; know who you are; be open to new ideas, concepts, and ways of doing things; learn together with others; and don’t stay trapped in tunnel vision:
create your life.
Fill in the Blank 1. resources 2. diversity 3. fear
4. Motivation 5. Bad habits 6. Self-esteem 7. linguistic 8. responsible
9. analytical, creative, practical 10. Creative or critical
Word Exploration
This Chinese character has two meanings—chaos and opportunity.
Chapter 2 Answer Key
Circle or highlight the answer that seems to fit best.
1. The worst nursing shortages are seen in the following areas of a hospital:
a. emergency departments and pediatrics.
b. surgical units and medical units.
c. critical care units and surgical units.
d. critical care units and medical-surgical units.
Answer: A
Rationale: Although all hospital units are experiencing a shortage of nursing staff, specialty areas such as emergency departments and pediatric units are hardest hit.
Nursing schools (both ADN and BSN programs) prepare generalists to graduate and pass the nurse licensure (NCLEX) exam. Hospital specialty unitsmust then provide extra training to generalists in their specialty areas. Note that although critical care units are specialty units, surgical units and medical-surgical units are not.
Additional Web resources:
Nurse shortage fact sheet from the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN):
http://www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/Backgrounders/shortagefacts.htm Frequently asked questions about the nursing shortage can be found at http://www.nursesource.org/facts_shortage.html
2. The problem with the nursing shortage is
a. not enough interest in nursing by students and not enough men in nursing.
b. supply and demand.
c. not enough minorities in nursing schools.
d. mainly a problem of a growing elder population.
Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is an ―umbrella‖ answer that encompasses answer choices C and D.
Answer choice A is not true; the student interest is plentiful and male interest is rising.
Many nursing training programs, both ADN and BSN, lack adequate nursing faculty to teach in their programs as well as enough clinical areas in which to teach the students they have; multiple programs in a given area have to share clinical training facilities. The nursing shortage is a complex, multi-faceted problem without simple answers; hence, there is no quick fix.
Additional Web resources: same as above for question #1 3. A major concern with the shortage is that
a. there are not enough people to teach and not enough qualified students applying.
b. there are too many qualified students applying but not enough space for them.
c. there are many qualified applicants but not enough faculty to teach.
d. there is not enough interest in going to nursing school by women and men.
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer choice C most accurately describes the national problem of a nursing faculty shortage.
Additional Web resources: same as question #1
4. Which of the following explains the increased demand for nurses?
a. a growing number of elders, a growing number of public health diseases, a growing increase of those on Medicaid
b. a growing overall population, a growing number of immigrants, a growing number of sick patients
c. an increase in the number of elders, patients in the hospital are sicker, an increase in technology and complexity of health care
d. an increase in technology, a growing population, greater numbers of diseases
Answer: C
Rationale: Answer choice C most accurately explains the reason for the increased demand for nurses.
Additional Web resources: same as question #1 5. A major solution to the nursing shortage is to
a. pay nurses higher salaries.
b. improve work conditions and job satisfaction.
c. increase the number of men in nursing.
d. increase the amount of money students can receive for financial aid.
Answer: B
Rationale: Improving nurse:patient ratios (for various levels of patient acuity) greatly improves nurses’ working conditions and job satisfaction, thus improving retention of
both experienced and new nurses and decreasing the problem of burnout that’s adding to the shortage. As a state, California has addressed the problem of nurse:patient ratios by mandating what they deem to be safe ratios. Nurses’ job satisfaction is significantly greater in this supportive environment.
6. Another solution to the shortage is seen in the Nurse Reinvestment Act to a. support students and faculty.
b. invest in improving the image of nursing and increasing diversity.
c. add more capacity to hospitals to train nurses.
d. increase the number of nurses with bachelor’s degrees.
Answer: A
Rationale: Answer choice A is an umbrella answer that encompasses all of the other possible options that are parts of the AACN’s Nurse Reinvestment Act.
Please see The AACN’s Nurse Reinvestment Act Web site:
http://www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/NRAataglance.htm
Rationale: Answer choice C, caring, is an essential nursing concept.
The caring individual is an understanding person who genuinely likes people, enjoys helping people and communicates in a professional, respectful manner (which encompass the other answer choices).
Note: This includes caring for clients from different cultures, also known as transcultural nursing.
Additional Web resources:
Transcultural Nursing Web site:
http://www.culturediversity.org/
Transcultural Nursing Society http://www.tcns.org/
8. Being an advocate means a. helping care for people.
b. to inform and support.
c. knowing the legal system for health care systems.
d. understanding the meaning of human rights.
Answer: B
Rationale: An advocate informs and supports the other person, answer choice B. This can include but is not limited to the answer choices A, C, and D.
Additional Web resources:
Patient Advocate Foundation's Mission Statement
Patient Advocate Foundation is a national non-profit organization that seeks to safeguard patients through effective mediation ensuring access to care, maintenance of
employment, and preservation of their financial stability.
http://www.patientadvocate.org/
9. The reason math is important in nursing has to do with a. meeting the prerequisites to get into nursing school.
b. not making medication errors.
c. learning to think logically.
d. all of the above.
Answer: D
Rationale: Mathematic skills are important for all of the above reasons. The first step is to meet the prerequisites for one’s chosen nursing program. Next, logical (analytical) and critical thinking is an essential nursing skill as a nurse is an advocate for his/her clients.
As a caregiver and advocate, the nurse needs strong math skills to do his/her best to avoid making medication errors. Nurses are responsible for correct dosage calculations as well as knowing correct and safe dosages of medications.
Additional Web resources:
Math for Nurses Web site
http://www.nursingsmart.com/s/math_for_nurses 10. Ambulatory care nursing takes place in which setting?
a. anywhere outside a hospital b. in a hospital
c. in the home
d. critical care and emergency department e. in a clinic or other setting outside the hospital f. a and d
Answer: E
Rationale: Of the above answer choices, answer choice e, in a clinic or other setting outside the hospital, best describes the location where ambulatory care nursing takes place. Webster’s Online Dictionary (2007) defines ambulatory care as ―Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory (non-emergency) basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting (adding to) its hospital inpatient services, or may be provided at a (usually nearby) free-standing facility.‖
Additional Web resources:
The American Academy of Ambulatory Care Nursing Web site http://www.aaacn.org/cgi-bin/WebObjects/AAACNMain 11. Nurses who work in public health are mainly concerned with
a. populations and their health care.
b. diseases that can spread and cause a pandemic.
c. taking care of low-income patients.
d. working to improve global health.
Answer: A
Rationale: Public health nurses focus on and are concerned about groups of people (populations) rather than on specific individuals, reflected most generally in answer
choice A. Answer choices B, C, and D are specific problems and issues under the general category of public health.
Additional Web resources:
The American Public Health Association (APHA) http://www.apha.org/
The National Association of County & City Health Officials (NACCHO), which is the national connection (or ―voice‖) for local public health:
http://www.naccho.org/
The Public Health Foundation:
http://www.phf.org/
12. New roles for nurses include a. advanced practice.
b. writing prescriptions.
c. bioterrorism and disaster nursing.
d. flight nursing.
Answer: C
Rationale: New roles for nurses, primarily after September 11, 2001, and Hurricane Katrina, are bioterrorism and disaster nursing. Some master’s-degree-prepared advanced practice nursing roles, like nurse practitioners and certified nurse midwives who practice in collaboration with physicians (physician extenders), do have prescriptive privileges.
Flight nursing is a nursing specialty area.
Additional Web resources:
Read about Advanced Practice Nursing on The American Nurse’s Association’s Nursing Facts page: Advanced Practice Nursing: A New Age in Health Care
13. Nursing roles that require graduate education include a. emergency nursing.
b. midwife.
c. nursing faculty in most colleges.
d. intensive care nursing.
e. a and d.
f. b and c.
Answer: F
Rationale: Yes, both answer choices B and C, the certified nurse midwife (CNM) and nursing faculty in most colleges require a Master’s of Science in Nursing (MSN in Nursing Education). Emergency nursing and intensive care nursing are specialty areas that a nurse may become certified in by exam but an advanced practice degree is not required.
Additional Web resources:
Read about Advanced Practice Nursing on The American Nurse’s Association’s Nursing Facts page: Advanced Practice Nursing: A New Age in Health Care
14. Technology is a trend that is affecting health care and nursing because
a. complexity and skill level of health care professionals needs to be higher.
b. globalization means we need better ways to communicate.
c. it increases the cost of health care.
d. a and b e. a and c Answer: E
Rationale: Local technology, its complexity, expense, and rapid changes affect today’s health care professionals on a daily basis. Nurses have to learn all about how to use (and troubleshoot) the ―new‖ equipment. Computerized charting, downloading patient
information and then uploading patient information onto personal handheld devices, has become commonplace. Patient monitoring systems and our IV pumps are all computers.
These have become the standard of care in our hi-tech society. Although the distractor about globalization necessitating enhanced communication may be true, it does not address the trend of local technology that nurses work with on a daily basis.
15. How can you make the right choice for your major?
a. Get career counseling in high school and college.
b. Work with your advisor to discuss your goals and concerns.
c. Get a tutor if you need help with classes.
d. all of the above Answer: D
Rationale: All of the above will help put you on a career path that’s the best fit for you.
For any concerns and a great place to start, find your college’s or university’s student academic services department; if they can’t answer your question, they’ll be able to refer you to the best place on campus to receive the assistance you need. For academic,
schedule, or course concerns, your advisor or advising department can probably help, or again, refer you to a better person or department on campus to assist you or get your question answered. Look for your school’s learning assistance center, student success center, or tutoring center for available tutors. Remember, do not wait: request a tutor early!
Additional Web resources:
You may be able to find some free online tutoring like The World of Math Online:
http://www.math.com/
5. bioterrorism, disaster response 6. Forensic
7. Alternative, complimentary 8. advanced practice
9. population 10. hospital
Word Exploration docendo discimus
This Latin phrase means ―we learn by teaching.‖
Chapter 3 Answer Key
Circle or highlight the answer that seems to fit best.
1.Which is NOT a violation of academic integrity?
a. plagiarism
b. tutoring a classmate
c. submitting someone else’s work as your own d. ignoring copyright restrictions on software e. copying a paper off the Internet for submission
Answer: B
Rationale: Plagiarism, submitting someone else’s work as your own, software copyright infringements, and copying anything off the Internet are all violations of academic integrity. Familiarize yourself with your school’s academic integrity policies, which can be found in your student handbook.
2. Academic integrity positively affects which of the following?
a. professional behavior patterns b. overall knowledge level
c. respectful interaction with others d. all of the above
Answer: D
Rationale: The Center for Academic Integrity, part of the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University, defines academic integrity as a commitment to five fundamental values: honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility. These values are the positive actions that define academic integrity.
3. Practical steps to achieving a set goal include
a. establishing a buddy system to report progress.
b. letting progress happen at its own pace.
c. setting a realistic time line with deadlines.
d. both a and c.
Answer: D
Rationale: By identifying something that you want, you are setting a goal. To achieve a set goal, both establishing a buddy system to report progress and setting a realistic time line with deadlines holds you accountable for your actions. Answer B, letting progress happen at its own pace, does not fit into the goal-setting process.
4. ―I will graduate from college knowing I did my best.‖ What type of goal is this?
a. long-term goal b. lifelong goal c. short-term goal d. educational goal
Answer: A
Rationale: Long-term goals are defined as ―goals that you aim to attain over a period of six months, a year, or more.‖ As a student, your long-term goals include attending school and earning a degree or certificate. Getting an education is a significant goal that often takes years to reach.
5. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of matching time-related needs and schedule?
a. lower stress b. more energy c. procrastination
d. more ability to focus in class Answer: C
Rationale: The definition of procrastination is ―to put off intentionally the doing of
Rationale: The definition of procrastination is ―to put off intentionally the doing of