Caracterización de los precursores químicos (hidróxido de amonio y

would never have taken its present shape, had not Dr. Furber so enduringly scrutinized every opinion and every statement and corrected many errors of mine. A chaque saint sa chandelle*

The land where Christ was born and where he died fell into the hands of the Moslems in 638 and remained in their possession until the First Crusade. Although Moslems were in control of the Holy Land, the holy places of Palestine were not inaccessible to

Christians. Individual and organized group pilgrimages to the Holy Sepulchre took place throughout the middle ages, particularly during the eleventh century. The best recorded pilgrimage is that of the Germans in 1064-1065, organized and led by Bishop Gunther of B a m b e r g . N o t only pilgrims, but also merchants from almost the whole of Western Christendom went to Palestine before the Crusades to do business with merchants from the East. By the eleventh century, then, a rather

Steven Runciman, ’’The Pilgrimages to Palestine Before 1095,*’ A History of the Crusades, ed.-in-chief Kenneth M. Setton Cin progress, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955-), I, 68-78; Hans Prutz, Die geistlichen Ritterorden: Ihre Stellung zur kirchlichen, politschen, gesellschaftlichea and wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung des Mittelalters (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1908), pp. 8-9, 14; S. Runciman, A History of the Cru­ sades (3 vols.; Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1951-54; reprinted New York: Harper & Row, 1964), I, 47 (my references are to the Harper & Row edition); Einar Joranson, ’’The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064- 1065,” The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented t o Dana C. Munro, ed. Louis J. Paetow (New York: F. S.

Crosts and Co., 1928), pp. 3-43.

1

impressive concourse of peoples from the East as well as from the West could be found in the Holy Land.^

Since journeys to and sojourns in Palestine ware for the westerners expensive undertakings, it is

little wonder that many of the travelers to the Holy City ran out of funds before they had completed their visits to the holy places. A pressing problem, also, for the pilgrims in Jerusalem was accommodation,

especially for those who became sick. To provide help to pilgrims in the Holy City Pope Gregory I, as early as 603, established in Jerusalem a hospital or hospice for the support of poor pilgrims. Charlemagne founded a hospital in the Holy City for the care of Western pilgrims.3 The increase of traffic to the Holy Land in the eleventh century brought new foundations. At Jerusalem a complex of religious houses was established in the quarter of the Holy Sepulchre where, in mid­ century, Amalfitan merchants founded, or restored, the monastery of St, Mary of the Latins and filled it with Italian Benedictines, To deal with the swelling numbers

^H, Prutz, Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzuge (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1883;, pp. 100-109.

3Prutz, Ritterorden, pp. 10-11; Philipp Jaffe, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum ad annum 1198 (2 vols.; 2nd e d . , Leipzig: Veit & Co., 1885-88), II, No. 1893; Prutz, Kulturgeschichte, p. 38.

of pilgrims two dependent houses were established, the convent ,qf St. Mary Magdalene, by 1080, and a hospice, dedicated at its foundation either to St. John the Almsgiver or to St. John the Baptist, possibly by 1080

or soon thereafter. At the time of the fall of Jerusalem in 1099 a certain Gerard, possibly a lay brother of

St. Mary of the Latins, was administrator of this hospital of St. John for the sick poor. Some time thereafter, at an undetermined date, the Hospital became self«governing with Gerard (d. 1120) as its first Master.^

With the establishment of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1099, the Christians were faced with the

problem of protecting the hordes of pilgrims arriving in the Holy Land. Thus a knight from Champagne, Hugh of Payens, together with a certain Godfrey of St. Omer and six other knights, decided to band together for the protection of pilgrims on their way from the port of Jaffa to Jerusalem. In 1118 King Baldwin I turned over to them lodgings in the area of the Temple, where they settled and became known to their contemporaries as the

^Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Knights of St. John in Jerusalem and Cyprus c. 1050-1310, Vol. I of A History of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, ed. Lionel Butler (London: Macmillan & Co., 1967), Ch. 2, especially pp. 32-38.

5 poor Knights of the Temple.

As yet these organizations for the care of the sick poor and for the protection of pilgrims were not organized into orders. But in 1112 Baldwin I confirmed to the Hospital of St. John all the possessions it had acquired in the Latin Kingdom and the Patriarch of Jerusalem exempted it from paying tithes, and, on Feb­ ruary 15, 1113, Pope Paschal II issued the Bull, Pie postulatio voluntatis, the ’’foundation charter” of the Order of the Hospital.^ The bull was addressed to Gerard, founder and head Cinstitutor ac prepositus) of the Hospital of Jerusalem.7 it placed the Hospital under papal protection, provided for the election of the Master by the brothers of the Hospital, and stipu­ lated that the property and income of the Hospital should

^J. Leclercq, ” Un document sur les debuts des Templiers,” Revue d*histoire ecclesiastique, LLI (1957), pp. 81-91; H. Prutz, Entwicklung und Untergang des

Tempelherrenordens (Berlin: G. Grotesche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1888), pp. 1-13; George A. Campbell, The Knights Templars, Their Rise and Fall (New York: R. M. McBride and Co.,

1938), pp. 18-33; Prutz, Ritterorden, p. 24; Runciman, Cru­ sades, II, 157. Hugh was sometimes spoken of as a Burgun- dian knight,but Payens was a fief near Troyes in Champagne.

^Riley-Smith, 37-43; Cartulaire general de l*ordre des Hospitallers de St-Jean de Jerusalem (1100-1310), ed. Joseph Delaville Le Roulx (4 vols.; Paris: E. Leroux, 1894- 1906), Nos. 28, 29, 30; English translation of the papal bull in Edwin J. King, The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land (London: Methuen and Co., 1931), pp. 26-28. Many other of the chief documents are translated in Edwin J. King, The Rule, Statutes and Customs of the Hospitallers

(London: Methuen and Co., 1934).

?It was under Raymond of Le Puy that the title magister became generally used; see Riley-Smith, p. 277 n. 5 for che various titles used for Gerard.

be used for the benefit of the Hospital and for the support of pilgrims and the poor. It also confirmed the extensive properties which the Hospital had already acquired in the Holy Land and also in Western Europe from the gifts of the faithful, and subordinated the European estates and all which might be acquired in the future to the Master in perpetuity.

The fourteenth century chronicler, John of Ypres, states that at the beginning the Hospitallers followed a rule based on the Rule of St. Benedict, later replaced by a rule based on the Rule of St. Augustine.** However, the earliest collection of regulations extant is that known as the Rule of Raymond of Le Puy, Gerard*s successor as Master (1120-1160), which was confirmed by Pope