CARTERAS ÓPTIMAS FORMADAS CON CETES Y LAS ACCIONES WALMEX V Y GFINBUR 0

An operator’s Flight Operations personnel will require training on ETOPS prior to the operator receiving an ETOPS Operational Approval. Flight crew, dispatchers and other relevant Flight Operations personnel should be trained in the appropriate background in ETOPS regulations and processes in order to properly support the operation. An operator’s training program should take into consideration the background and experience of the personnel being trained. Changes in ETOPS regulations and company policy related to the approach and implementation of an ETOPS operation should be emphasized on a regular basis through formal training. This may be included in regular recurrent training, or through circulation of printed training material as applicable.

Operator’s should establish company standard operating procedures (SOPs) that will assist the pilot-in-command in making successful diversion decisions. An example of this would be an SOP on how ETOPS Alternate Airports, ETPs, and any associated diversion routes are loaded into FMC data bases. Reliable, quick access to this type of data is extremely important in executing a successful diversion.

The operator’s unique ETOPS flight operations procedures and policies should be provided to flight crew and dispatch personnel, either in specific ETOPS Manuals or by incorporating the material in the operator’s Flight Crew Operations and Dispatcher’ Manuals. Each of the operator’s ETOPS flight operations programs should be addressed in these manuals, including procedural information necessary to interface with the ETOPS Maintenance requirements such as the ETOPS Verification Flight, APU Inflight Start, and Airplane Performance / Engine Condition Monitoring forms. Since all ETOPS manual sections must be approved by the FAA prior to their adoption and use in any ETOPS training programs, it is essential that the development of these documents be given a high priority with realistic completions schedules.

The operator’s ETOPS training program for flight crew and dispatchers must be approved by the FAA prior to training of personnel, and at least an initial cadre of personnel must have completed training prior to the operator’s ETOPS Proving/Validation Flight. Therefore, it is paramount that sufficient time be accounted for in the operator’s ETOPS Application Plan for developing approved training materials and conducting the initial classes.

ETOPS Training for Flight Crew and Dispatch personnel is rarely taught as a separate module.

Typically, the initial hour of the academic ETOPS Training is taught as a combined class for Flight Operations and Maintenance personnel, thus maximizing the cross fertilization between the two organizations that is so critical to a successful ETOPS program. This Introduction to ETOPS combined class would cover the background to the ETOPS regulations and the operator’s ETOPS Approval Plan. The two organizations then conduct separate training sessions that are oriented to their specific needs. As a final wrap-up session, the two groups rejoin to

SECTION 6 - TRAINING

such as Long Range Navigation and/or Oceanic Operations. Such integrated training helps to put ETOPS procedures into perspective with the other Standard Operating Procedures that the airline will have established for long range oceanic flights.

Table 6A provides a sample Flight Operations ETOPS Training Syllabus. The training is divided into two parts. The first part is typical of an ETOPS training program for an operator that is seeking an Operational Approval of 180-Minutes or less. The second part lists those additional topics that an operator seeking an Operational Approval Beyond-180-Minutes would include. These additional topics are also applicable to Polar Operational Approvals and initial ETOPS Approvals for aircraft with more than 2-engines.

SECTION 6 - TRAINING

FAA Advisory Circular AC120-42B provides guidance for the training of Flight Crew and Dispatch personnel in Paragraph 304. The recommended areas of training discussed in the AC are:

Table 6A

Example Flight Operations ETOPS Training Syllabus

Initial ETOPS Training . . . Approximately 4 hrs 1. Familiarity with the ETOPS relevant portions of FAR Parts 1, 121, or 135 and AC 120-42B

or AC 135-42.

2. Flight planning

a. ETOPS Area of Operation (Time, Speed, and Distance) b. ETOPS Computer Flight Plan

c. Equal Time Points – ETPs

d. ETOPS Critical Fuel Required – CFR

3. Minimum equipment list (MMEL and Company MEL) 4. Non-Normal Procedures

a. Abnormal & Emergency Procedures

b. System Failures as related to diversion decision making c. Diversion Decision Making and Diversion Execution d. Crewmember Incapacitation

e. Approach & Missed Approach on alternate power source without the APU

5. Understanding and effective use of approved additional equipment or modified equipment required for ETOPS (if applicable)

6. Enroute procedures in the event an ETOPS Alternate becomes unavailable

7. Fuel Quantity Comparison (Planned Fuel minus Burn compared to Fuel on Board) 8. Flight Progress Monitoring and Fuel Management; (“How Goes It”)

9. Crossfeed Valve Check Procedures (If Applicable) 10. ETOPS Check Airman Program

11. Maintenance Forms (APU In-Flt Start, ECM, APM, Verification Flt) as applicable

Beyond-180-Minute ETOPS Training . . . . Approximately 4 hrs 1. Route Selection Criteria (Flight-by-Flight Exception or Unrestricted)

2. Additional ETOPS Alternate Selection Requirements 3. Time Limited Systems Flight Planning

4. Solar Weather and Radiation Exposure

5. Use of specific ETOPS equipment (i.e. SATCOM, Cold Weather Gear, etc.)

SECTION 6 - TRAINING

ETOPS Recurrent training will typically consist of reviewing any changes that have been made to an operator’s ETOPS program and a selection of topics from the initial training syllabus that are rotated for subsequent recurrent sessions. In that way, all of the ETOPS training topics will be reviewed over a period of 3 or 4 recurrent sessions. The FAA has also stated in AC120-42B that they will periodically evaluate a cross-section of these training topics as a part of their review of an operator’s ETOPS program.

The training listed in Table 6A would represent a fairly basic, but adequate ETOPS Training Program. Operator’s should ascertain if any additional Operational Approvals and/or training will be required to meet the expectations they have for their ETOPS service. For example, operations in the North Atlantic will require specific approvals for the Minimum Navigation Performance Specification Airspace (MNPSA). Required Navigation Performance (RNP) certification may be required in other areas of the world. Low Visibility operations may be very desirable to enhance schedule reliability at the new destinations that will be served by the ETOPS flights and should be factored into the operator’s plan. These various programs are within the capability of any diligent operator but the message here is that a realistic schedule for their accomplishment must be established before submitting an ETOPS Operational Approval Plan the FAA.

Operators are required to designate specific ETOPS Check Airmen. The objective of the ETOPS check airman program is to ensure standardized flight crewmember practices and procedures as well as to emphasize the special nature of ETOPS. In addition to the requirements for Check Airman specified in FAR §121.411, only airmen with a demonstrated understanding of the unique requirements of ETOPS should be designated as a check airman. Operator’s that are seeking their initial ETOPS approval should seek FAA concurrence with the procedures that will be used to qualifying their initial cadre of ETOPS Check Airmen. This is typically accomplished through Line Oriented Flight Training, commonly referred to as a LOFT. This type of simulator training is used by many operators to provide practical ETOPS training to flight crews as a part of initial and regular recurrent training. The simulator environment provides the freedom to conduct scenarios such as engine failures and subsequent diversions without risk to the crew or aircraft. An ETOPS LOFT is typically integrated into an operator’s Long Range Navigation / Oceanic Procedures LOFT for continuity of teaching points and demonstration of SOPs that overlap between the two areas of interest. An example syllabus of a combined ETOPS / Oceanic Procedures LOFT is provided on the following pages in Table 6B.

SECTION 6 - TRAINING

Table 6B

Example Oceanic Procedures / ETOPS Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)

Approximately 6 hrs Briefing 2:00 Fixed Base Simulator 4:00 OBJECTIVE

This course is designed to reinforce the students understanding of Class Two Navigation, RVSM, MNPS, NAT, RNP and ETOPS Operations and Procedures. The LOFT simulation provides the practice necessary to safely conduct these operations.