Causas del Boreout

A goniometer was the only available method to measure human joint angles during dynamic movements before the introduction of vision and sensor-based measuring device (Norkin & White, 2009). A goniometer is a type of instrument that measures angles between two corresponding objects, where it can be used to measure the flexion, abduction, extension and adduction of a human joint (Morrey, Askew, & Chao, 1981). In the 1980’s the human joints were measured using a ruler goniometer for many application such as medical and sports. Later in the 1990’s the usage of a digital goniometer was implemented. However, it was not until the 2000’s where measurements using sensors were taken.

Morrey et al. (1981) used a ruler goniometer to study the normal elbow motion required to perform fifteen activities of daily living on thirty-three healthy adults. The goniometer was attached to the subject's arm using velcro and was

required to perform the given task. However, one disadvantage was discovered during testing; the goniometer was bulky since it had two rulers pivoted together at the centre of an angle-measuring protractor. Therefore, researchers began searching for other methods to perform this measurement and started experimenting with stretchable fabric to measure joint angles (Gemperle et al., 1998, US6970731 B1, 2005). An example has been discussed previously, where Morris et al. (2009) used stretchable fabric to measure stroke patients finger flexion.

However, advancements in sensor technology have enabled newer and more advanced sensor with high precision capability to be developed; this contributed to the development of flex sensors. Flex sensors are fabricated from film sensor substrate which causes a mechanical stress on the conductive pattern that leads to change in electrical resistance (Saggio et al., 2016). The flex sensor has widely been used in many different types of research to control machines, artificial devices, and physical activity measurements. More importantly, flex sensors have played a major role in the development of many rehabilitation hardware for stroke patients (Borghetti, Sardini, & Serpelloni, 2014). A general idea of how flex sensors are used to measure finger flexion can be seen in the research done by Saggio (2011), which investigates the total number of sensors needed to measure the human hand motion successfully. Flex sensors have been used extensively in biomedical systems, and Saggio (2011) aims to build a data glove for rehabilitation purpose. Figure 2.17 shows the developed data glove with flex sensors integrated into the glove surface.

Figure 2.17: Developed data glove (Saggio, 2011)

Saggio (2011) mentioned that the experiment results demonstrated good performance in term of accuracy and repeatability of measures. The author also

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