CAPITULO I: MARCO TEÓRICO
CAPITULO 4: CURSO DE FORMACIÓN / CAPACITACIÓN DOCENTE
4.5 Breve descripción del curso
4.5.9 Certificación
In resource strapped settings, an experienced examiner can use the Prader orchidometer which is relatively cheap, for an accurate and quick testicular volume assessment.
When the absolute testicular volume is not important, the Prader orchidometer can be used to estimate the testicular volume. Since the Prader orchidometer may overestimate the true volume. Volume differentials between the affected and unaffected testes in boys with a varicocele should be estimated with ultrasonography rather than with the Prader orchidometer.
REFERENCES
1. Chipkevitch E, Nishimura RT, Tu DGS, Galea-Rojas M. Clinical measurement of testicular volume in adolescents: comparison of the reliability of 5 methods. J Urol 1996; 156: 2050-2053.
2. Mul D, Fredriks MA, Van Buuren S, et al. Pubertal development in the Netherlands 1965-1997.
Pediatr Res 2001; 50: 479-486.
3. Cameron N, Grieve CA, Kruger A, Leschner KF. Secondary sexual development in rural and urban South African black children. Ann Hum Biol 1993; 20:583-593.
4. Schiff JD, Li PS, Goldstein M. Correlation of ultrasonographic and orchidometer measurements of testis volume in adults. BJU Int 2004; 93: 1015-1017.
5. Shiraishi K, Takihara H, Kamiryo Y, Naito K. Usefulness and limitation of punched out orchidometer in testicular volume measurement. Asian J Androl 2005; 7: 77-80.
6. Chipkevitch E. Clinical assessment of sexual maturation in adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2001;
77: S135-S142.
7. Lee PA, Coughlin MT, Bellinger MF. No relationship of testicular size at orchiopexy with fertility in men who previously had unilateral cryptorchidism J Urol 2001; 166: 236-239.
8. Arai T, Kitahara S, Horiuchi S, Sumi S, Yoshida K. relationship of testicular volume to semen profiles and serum hormone concentrations in infertile Japanese males. Int J Fertile Women’s Med 1998; 43: 40-47.
9. Takihara H, Cosentino MJ, Sakatoku J, Cockett AT. Significance of testicular size measurement in andrology: II. Correlation of testicular size with testicular function. J Urol 1987;
137:416-419.
10. Lenz S, Giwercman A, Elsborg A, et al. Ultrasonic testicular texture and size in 444 men from the general population: correlation to semen quality. Eur Urol 1993; 24:231-238.
11. Sakamoto H, Saito K, Oohta M, et al. Testicular volume measurement: comparison of ultrasonography, orchidometry and water displacement. Urology 2007; 69:152-157.
12. Lim JW, Bahk JY, Min SK. Testicular volume of Korean young adult men as measured by ultrasonography: Relationship with body mass index. Korean J Urol 2009; 50:591-595.
13. Estourgie – Van Burk GF, Bartels M, Delemarre – Van de Waal HA, Boomsma DI. Heritability of testis size. Twin Research and Human Genetics 2009; 12: 351-355.
14. Ugwu SOC. Relationship between scrotal circumference, in situ testicular measurements and sperm reserves in the West African dwarf bucks. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8: 1354-1357.
15. Rundle AT, Sylvester PE. Measurement of testicular volume. Its application to assessment of maturation, and its use in diagnosis of hypogonadism. Arch Dis Child 1962; 37: 514-517.
16. Mbidu NH. Day case surgery of the testicle – Testicular biopsy. Nig J Surg Res 2000; 2: 95-96.
17. Lin CC, Huang WJS, Chen KK. Measurement of testicular volume in smaller testes: How accurate is the conventional orchidometer? J Androl 2009; 30: 685-689.
18. Razvi K, Chew S, Yong EL, Kumar J, Ng SC. The clinical management of male infertility.
Singapore Med J 1999; 40(04).
19. Mahmoud AM, Goemaere S, El-Garem Y, et al. Testicular volume in relation to hormonal indices of gonadal function in community-dwelling elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;
88: 179-184.
20. Geode J, Hack WWM, Sijstermans K, et al. Normative values for testicular volume measured by ultrasonography in a normal population from infancy to adolescence. Horm Res Paediatr 2011; 326057 DOI: 10. 1159/000326057.
21. Diamond DA, Paltiel HJ, Di Canzio J, et al. Comparative assessment of pediatric testicular volume orchidometer versus ultrasound. J Urol 2000; 164: 1111-1114.
22. Paltiel HJ, Diamond DA, Di Canzio J, et al. Testicular volume: Comparison of orchidometer and US measurement in dogs. Radiology 2002; 222: 114-119.
23. Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y, Hsu YC. The reliability of ultrasonographic measurements for testicular volume assessment: Comparison of three common formulas with true testicular volume. Asian J Androl 2009; 11: 261-265.
24. Prader A. Testicular size: Assessment and clinical importance. Triangle 1966; 7: 240-243.
25. Wolf KN, Wildt DE, Vargas A, et al. Age dependent changes in sperm production, semen quality, and testicular volume in the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). Biology of Reproduction 2000; 63: 179-187.
26. Uchendu UO, Nwokocha ARC, Ikefuna AN, et al. Evaluation of sexual maturity among adolescent male sickle cell anaemia patients: The usefulness of testicular volume estimation.
SAJCH 2010; 4: 11-15.
27. Alukal JP, Zurakowski D, Atala A, et al. Testicular hypotrophy does not correlate with grade of adolescent varicocele. J Urol 2005; 174: 2367-2370.
28. Paduch DA, Skoog SJ. Diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of adolescent varicocele. In:
Digital urology journal. Accessed 15th September 2006.
29. Dewbury K. Scrotal ultrasound. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 1997; 57:10-14.
30. Lavoipierre AM. Ultrasound of the prostate and testicles. World J Surg 2000; 24: 198-207.
31. Karaman MI, Kaya C, Caskurlu T, et al. Measurement of pediatric testicular volume with Prader orchidometer: Comparison of different hands. Pediatr Surg Int 2005; 21: 517-520.
32. Sakamoto H, Saito K, Ogawa Y, Yoshida H. Testicular volume measurements using Prader orchidometer versus ultrasonography in patients with infertility. Urology 2007; 69: 158-162.
33. Kujiper EAM, Van Kooten J, Verbeke JIML, et al. Ultrasonographically measured testicular volumes in 0-6year old boys. Human Reproduction 2008; 23: 792-796.
34. Behre HM, Nashan D, Nieschlag E. Objective measurement of testicular volume by ultrasonography: Evaluation of the technique and comparison with orchidometer estimates. Int J Androl 1989; 12: 395-403.
35. Tatsunami S, Matsumiya K, Tsujimura A, et al. Inter/intra investigator variation in orchidometric measurements of testicular volume by ten investigators from five institutions. Asian J Androl 2006; 8: 373-378.
36. Cha MH, Ahn BC, Kim YS. Inaccuracy in ultrasonographic measurement of the testicular volume in children. Korean J Urol 2006; 47: 866-869.
37. Smyth CM, Bremner WJ. Klinefelter syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 1309-1314.
38. Barlow-Stawart K. Klinefelter Syndrome – XXY Syndrome. The Australian Genetics Resource Book 2007. Available from: http://www.genetics.edu.au accessed 10th October 2011.
39. Bojesen A, Kristensen K, Birkebaek NH, et al. The metabolic syndrome is frequent in Klinefelter’s syndrome and is associated with abdominal obesity and hypogonadism. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:1591-1598.
40. Bojesen A, Gravholt CH. Klinefelter syndrome in clinical practice. Nature Reviews Urology 2007; 4: 192-204.
41. Jebasingh F, Paul TV, Spurgeon R, et al. Klinefelter’s syndrome with renal tubular acidosis:
Impact on height. Singapore Med J 2010; 5: e24-e26.
42. Visootsak J, Graham JM Jr. Klinefelter syndrome and other sex chromosomal aneuploidies.
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2006; 1: 42 DOI: 10. 1186/1750-1172-1-42.
43. Flynn BJ, Myers SM, Cera PJ, Mowad JJ. Testicular torsion in an adolescent with fragile X syndrome. Pediatrics 2002; 109: e16.
44. Hersh JH, Saul RA. Clinical report – Health supervision for children with fragile X syndrome.
Pediatrics 2011; 127: 994-1006.
45. Rudelli RD, Brown WT, Wisniewski K, et al. Adult Fragile X syndrome. Acta Neuropathologica 1985; 67: 289-295.
46. Niedzielski J, Pisarska K, Przewratil P. The usefulness of testicular atrophy index in the assessment of undescended testicle – Preliminary report. Annals Academiae Medicae Bialostocensis 2003; 48: 112-114.
47. Yamamoto M, Hibi H, Katsuno S, Miyake K. Effects of varicocelectomy on testis volume and semen parameters in adolescents: A randomized prospective study. Nagoya J Med Sci 1995;
58: 127-132.
48. Mohamed MA, El Sheikh MG, Elfayoumy H, et al. Impact of inguinal varicocele ligation on testicular volume, sperm parameters, and pregnancy rates. Uro Today Int J 2011; 4 DOI: 10.
3834/uij. 1944-5784. 2011.02.02.
49. Fisch H, Hyun G, Hensle TW. Testicular growth and gonadotrophin reponse associated with varicocele repair in adolescent males. BJU International 2003; 91: 76-78.
50. Yamamoto M, Katsuno S, Yokoi K, et al. The effect of varicocelectomy on testicular volume in infertile patients with varicoceles. Nagoya J Med Sci 1995; 58: 47-50.
51. Osifo OD, Agbugui JO. Male infertility secondary to varicocele: A study of the management of 45 patients. Afr Reprod Health 2008; 12: 54-59.
52. Paduch DA, Skoog SJ. Current management of adolescent varicocele. Rev Urol 2001; 3: 120-133.
53. Khan F, Muoka O, Watson GM. Bell clapper testis, torsion, and detorsion: A case report. Case Reports in Urology 2011; 631970 DOI: 1155/2011/631970.
54. Stillwell TJ, Kramer SA. Intermittent testicular torsion. Pediatrics 1986; 77: 908-911.
55. Saul PG, Paul S, Julian W. Experience with varicoceles in children and young adults. J Urol 2002; 168: 1684-1688.
56. Kass EJ, Reitelman C. Adolescent varicocele. Urol Clin North Am 1995; 22: 151-159.
57. Raivo T, Falardeu J, Dwyer A, et al. Reversal of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 863-873.
58. Wikipedia. Testicle. Available at www.wikipedia.org/wiki/testicle accessed 10th November 2011.
59. Erkan I, Ozen HA, Ergen A, Remzi F. The effect of post-pubertal varicocele on testicular volume. Br J Urol 1990; 66: 541-545.
60. Handelsman DJ, Staraj S. testicular size: The effects of aging, malnutrition and illness. J Androl 1985; 6: 144-151.
61. Nwafia WC, Igweh JC, Udebuani IN. Semen analysis of infertile Igbo males in Enugu, Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 2006; 21: 67-70.
62. Oghagbon EK, Jimoh AAG, Adebisi SA. Seminal fluid analysis and biophysical profile: Findings and relevance in infertile males in Ilorin, Nigeria. Afr J Clin Exper Microbiol 2004; 5: 280-284.
63. Akinola OI, Fabamwo AO, Rabiu KA, Akinoso OA. Semen quality in male partners of infertile couples in Lagos Nigeria. Int J Trop Med 2010; 5: 37-39.
64. Emma-Okon BO, Fasubaa OB, Togun RA, et al. Semen profile in Ile-Ife, Nigeria in relation to new WHO guidelines. J Med Sci 2011; 2: 879-884.
65. Emokpae MA, Uadia PO, Sadiq NM. Contribution of bacterial infection to male infertility in Nigerians. Online J Health Allied Scs 2009; 8: 6.
66. Sah P. Oligospermia in a man with small testes and elevated serum FSH responds to low dose estrogen – testosterone combination therapy, resulting in his wife’s pregnancy and live birth.
The Internet Journal of Endocrinology 2005; 2.
67. Madhukar D, Rajender S. Hormonal treatment of male infertility: Promises and pitfalls. J Androl 2009; 30: 95-112.
68. Geidam AD, Yawe KDT, Adebayo AEA, Idrisa A. Hormonal profile of men investigated for infertility at the University of Maiduguri in Northern Nigeria. Singapore Med J 2008; 49: 538-541.
69. Liu PY, Handelsman DJ. The present and future state of hormonal treatment for male infertility.
Human Reproduction Update 2003; 9: 9-23.
70. Nachtigall LB, Boepple PA, Pralong FP, et al. Adult – onset idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism – a treatable form of male infertility. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 410-415.
71. Chudnovsky A, Niederberger CS. Gonadotropin therapy for infertile men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Androl 2007; 28: 644-646.
72. Muddaiah M, Varghese G. A case report of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
Calicut Medical Journal 2007; 5: e3.
73. Saleh R, Mahfouz RZ, Agarwal A, Farouk H. Histopathologic patterns of testicular biopsies in infertile azoospermic men with varicocele. Fertile steril 2010; doi: 10.1016/j. Fertnstert.
2010.03.026.
74. Lim PHC, Tan KH. Testicular biopsy and scrotal exploration in the management of male infertility. Singapore Med J 1991; 32: 41-46.
75. Yilmaz O, Yilmaz S, Kisacik B, et al. Varicocele and epididymitis in Behcet disease. J Ultrasound Med 2011; 30: 909-913.
76. Salzhauer EW, Sokol A, Glassberg KI. Paternity after adolescent varicocele repair. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 1631-1633.
77. Kumanov P, Robeva RN, Tomova A. Adolescent varicocele: Who is at risk? Pediatrics 2008;
121: e53-e57.
78. Beddy P, Geoghegan T, Browne RF, Torregiani WC. Testicular varicoceles. Clinical Radiology 2005; 60: 1248-1255.
79. Saypol DC. Varicocele. J Androl 1981; 2: 61-71.
80. Sayfan J, Siplovich L, Koltun L, Benyamin N. Varicocele treatment in pubertal boys prevents testicular growth arrest. J Urol 1997; 157: 1456-1457.
81. Armand Z, Martin B, Don B, Keith J. The influence of clinical and subclinical varicocele on testicular volume. Fertile Steri 1997; 68: 671-674.
82. Sigman M, Jarow JP. Ipsilateral testicular hypotrophy is associated with decreased sperm counts in infertile men with varicoceles. J Urol 1997; 158: 605-607.
83. Haans LC, Laven JS, Mali WP, Te Velde ER, Wensing CJ. Testis volumes, semen quality and hormonal patterns in adolescents with and without a varicocele. Fertil Steril 1991; 56: 731-736.
84. French DB, Desai NR, Agarwal A. Varicocele repair: Does it still have a role in infertility treatment? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2008; 20: 269-274.
85. Agarwal A, Prabakavan S, Sikka SC. Current opinions on varicocele and oxidative stress and its role in male infertility. US Genitor-Urinary Disease 2006.
86. Jarow JP. Effects of varicocele on male fertility. Hum Reprod Update 2001; 7: 59-64.
87. Lund L, Tang YC, Roebuck D, Lee KH, Liu K, Yeung CK. Testicular catch-up growth after varicocele correction in adolescents. Pediatr Surg Int 1999; 15: 234-237.
88. Stern R, Kistler W, Scharli AF. The palomo procedure in the treatment of boys with varicocele.
A retrospective study of testicular growth and fertility. Pediatr Surg Int 1998; 14: 74-78.
89. Bianchi A, Squire BR. Transscrotal orchidopexy: Orchidopexy revised. Pediatr Surg Int 1989;
4: 189-192.
90. Clauds K, Ulf H, Martin RE, Bengt K. Testicular growth from birth to two years of age, and the effect of orchidopexy at age nine months. A randomized, controlled study. Acta Paediatrica 2006; 95: 318-324.
91. Bhattacharya SK. Testis, epididymis, scrotum. In: Short cases in surgery. 4th ed. CBS Publishers and Distributors, 1993; 130-148.
92. Ritzen EM. Undescended testes: A consensus on management. European Journal of Endocrinology 2008; 159: S87-S90.
93. Shinobu O. Histopathological examination of undescended testis by light and electron microscopy. Emphasis on changes in seminiferous tubules and basement membranes. Dokkyo J Med Sci 2000; 27: 157-169.
94. Osifo OD, Osaigbovo EO. Adult patients presenting with undescended testis in awareness – poor region. African Journal of Urology 2010; 16: 39-45.
95. Yeboah ED. Male infertility in: Badoe EA, Archampang EQ, Da Rocha Afodu JT (eds).
Principles and practice of surgery including pathology in the tropics. Accra, Ghana Publishing Corporation. 3rd ed. 898-907.
96. Takihara H, Baba Y, Ishizu K, Ueno T, Sakatoku J. Testicular development following unilateral orchidopexy measured by a new orchidometer. Urology 1990; 36: 370-372.
97. Shiryazdi SM, Modir A, Benrazavi S, et al. Causes of delay in proper treatment of patients with undescended testis. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2011; 9: 37-40.
98. Magoha GAO. Testicular cancer in Nigerians. East Afr Med J 1995; 72: 554-556.
99. Izegbu MC, Ojo MO, Shittu LAJ. Clinico-pathologycal patterns of testicular malignancies in Ilorin, Nigeria – a report of 8 cases. J Cancer Res Ther 2005; 1: 229-231.
100. Balogun TM, Omodele FO, Olaiya MA. Primary lymphoma of the testis in remission for more than ten years: A case report. WAJM 2009; 28: 388-390.
101. Shittu OB, Aniah MA, Mbibu NA, et al. Testicular tumours. The Ibadan surgeon 1994; 21: 228-235.
102. El-Husseiniy G, Bazarbashi S, El-Weshi A, et al. Germ cell tumors in undescended testis – prognostic factors and treatment outcome. Journal of The Egyptian Nat Cancer Inst 2001; 13:
209-214.
103. Mandong BM, Iya D, Obekpa PO, Orkar KS. Urological tumours in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria (A hospital – based histopathological study). Nig J Surg Res 2000; 2:
108-113.
104. Selege – Fubara D, Etebu EN. Testicular tumours in Port Harcourt (A ten-year review).
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2004; 7: 56-59.
105. Kuremu RT. Testicular torsion: Case report. East Afr Med J 2004; 81: 274-276.
106. Ugwu BT, Dakum NK, Yiltok SJ, et al. Testicular torsion on the Jos Plateau. WAJM 2003; 22:
120-123.
107. Maroof SA, Khan K, Khan Y, Khan MJ. Torsion of testicular appendix as a cause of acute scrotum in children: Experience in surgical management at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar.
J Med Sci (Peshawar, print) 2009; 17: 40-44.
108. Nariman S, Khaleghnejad – Tabari A. Perinatal testicular torsion: A case report. Archives of Iranian Medicine 2005; 8:321-322.
109. Muttarak M, Lojanapiwat B. The painful scrotum; an ultrasonographical approach to diagnosis.
Singapore Med J 2005; 46: 352-357.
110. Behrman RE, Vaughan VC, Nelson WE, (eds). Disorders of the gonads. In: Nelson’s textbook of pediatrics. 13th ed. WB Saunders Company, 1987; 1230-1244.
111. Cassidy SB. Prader-Willi Syndrome. J Med Genet 1997; 34: 917-923.
112. Robert PK. Sexual precocity and sexual infantilism. In Rudolph AM, Hoffman JIE, Axelrod S (eds). Pediatrics 17th ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. 1982; 1563-1570.
113. Lee PDK. Growth hormone and mortality in Prader-Willi syndrome. Growth Genetics and Hormones 2006; 22:17-23.
114. Sadler TW. Gametogenesis: Conversion of germ cells into male and female gametes. In:
Langman’s Medical Embryology. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000; 3-30.
115. Kumar PA, Pitteloud N, Andrews PAM, et al. Testis morphology in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Human Reproduction 2006; 21: 1033-1040.
116. Barlow-Stewart K. Fragile X Syndrome. Centre for genetic education 2007. Available from:
http://www.genetics.edu.au. Accessed 10th October, 2011.
117. Van Esch H. Clinical features and diagnosis of fragile X syndrome in children and adolescents.
UpToDate 2011. Available from www.uptodate.com. Accessed 10th October, 2011.
118. Gabis LV, Baruch YK, Jokel A, Raz R. Psychiatric and autistic comorbidity in fragile X syndrome across ages. J Child Neurol 2011; 27: 940-948.
119. Population census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Analytical report at the national level.
National Population Commission. 1991; 38-47.
APPENDIX I