Límite de volumen de accesibilidad
CARACTERÍSTICAS
2. CIRCUITOS INTERIORES 1. Protección general
4.3 The enablers to reach
the goals of Flightpath
2050 for Challenge 4
4
Enablers describe what is needed to achieve the goals. Capabilities describe how the goal can be achieved. The general enablers needed to realise the goals asso- ciated with Challenge 4 are as follows.
• Societal expectations: identifies the
enablers and capabilities that are needed for aviation to meet the needs of society in terms of safety and security, both from the perspective of the customer of aviation services and that of the citizen subjected to the impact of aviation.
• Air vehicle operations and traffic management: addresses the enablers and
capabilities that are needed to provide safe and secure operations, managing the diversity of air vehicles and aerial applications while transiting airspace and on the ground.
• design, manufacturing and certification:
focuses on new approaches to the conception, building and certification and approvals of system components aiming to ensure that safety and security requirements are built in from the outset and reducing time-to-market of new products and services. These enablers take into account the growing influence of software as well as the high levels of automation and integration in the ATS of the future.
• human factors: addresses the research
and innovation needs to support and optimise the human roles across the ATS. These enablers consider the ever-increas- ing volume information available as well as the shifting demarcation of authority and responsibility between the human and the machine.
by their nature, aviation safety and security are perceived and approached differently by the consumer and the citizen. While safety measures are usually applied at organisational levels and are largely transparent to the travelling individual, in most cases security measures are the source of inconvenience to the consumer of aviation services. Consequently, while safety is usually taken for granted by the general public and is only questioned whenever a serious incident occurs, security is regularly imposed upon the consumer and provides a major source of annoyance.
In order to really produce high levels of security for the decades to come, security systems, processes and philosophies
need to be motivated by effectiveness and efficiency as well as contribution to overall security targets. The reaction to
incidents and security breaches is objective and measured. Public acceptance of security measures is commensurate with the perception of threat and thus with the perceived level of personal insecurity. Travellers and customers of the ATS are aware of the impact of security measures to their travel schedule, which helps resolve some of the frustration encountered when confronted with measures that frequently appear excessive and unjustified. This does not imply that the security mechanisms themselves are predictable, but that their overall impact on the individual traveller or customer is quantifiable with the aim to minimise and considerably reduce the inconvenience.
The emergence of the fully digital society has raised many new security issues. These included privacy matters, ethics,
misrepresentation as well as personal and public security from cyber-crimes. new
terrorist targets and business models have emerged, forcing authorities to re-evaluate the threat assessments in a flexible manner. All members of society have very high awareness of digital security from an early age, starting with school education.
4.4.1 SyStEM-WIdE SAFEty
MAnAgEMEnt
A system-wide Safety Management System is identified and implemented to operate throughout the whole chain of air transport activities in the context of the total trans- port system. Safety management systems are integrated with security management and enterprise management systems.
System-wide safety management is based on a comprehensive understanding of the safety-related influence factors on the overall AtS and its connections with
other transport nodes. An overall safety framework is created, which ensures equity in access to airspace by all air vehicles. The
Safety Management System is overseen by a multi-modal transport safety governance
framework where competences, regulatory bodies, accountabilities and oversight mechanisms have been identified and implemented. Performance-based safety regulations, procedures and risk-based
oversight and control mechanisms are globally standardised, straightforward and comprehensive.
The ATS has demonstrable safety resilience
to react, respond to, and recover from safety threats. It is based on an understanding of human and organisational performance
4.4 Societal
expectations
StRAtEgIC RESEARCh & InnovAtIon AgEndA CHALLEnGE 4
108
and on how to infuse a positive safety culture at all levels.
tools, metrics and methodologies are
available to assess and manage proac- tively current and emerging risks. Tools and models have been developed which enable the pre-emptive identification, probability and impact of the potential hazards resulting from climate change and
other external hazards.
Safety performance indicators are systemically linked to safety outcomes, allowing measurement of system safety performance. There are efficient automated look-up procedures, data exchange and data fusion mechanisms across
heterogeneous data sources for aviation safety related issues. Data integration across the ATS links system antecedents to safety outcomes enabling quantitative risk assessments and measurement of risk reduction. Credible measurement of progress towards 2050 targets is possible. The capability exists to assess and miti- gate risk in an intermodal door-to-door
transport environment.
4.4.2 SyStEM-WIdE SECURIty
MAnAgEMEnt
A Security Management System is developed to operate throughout the whole chain of air transport activities as a component of the total transport system and in accordance with societal expectations and civil rights. Security Management Systems
are integrated with safety management and enterprise management systems and security culture is infused at all levels across
the ATS.
Similar to the Safety Management System, the Security Management System is based on a comprehensive understanding of the security-related influence factors and vulnerabilities within the overall ATS
and its interfaces and integration with
multimodal transport security governance framework where competences, regulatory
bodies, accountabilities and oversight mechanisms are identified. This framework includes a crisis management capacity and is based on globally standardised agile security regulations and procedures with an
adequate oversight and control mechanism. It provides clarification of the implication on liability, insurance, etc. of aviation security risk and oversees consistent application
across the Eu. Finally, it ensures that security measures are compliant with European rights of citizens, cultural and religious
demands and constraints.
The Security Management System is based on the identification and implementation of a risk-based approach for aviation and transport security. It is supported by tools, metrics and methodologies that
are developed and available to assess and proactively manage security risk. Sophisticated models of security risk build on historic data, but anticipate new forms of threat. In addition, there are efficient automated look-up procedures, data exchange and data fusion mechanisms
across heterogeneous data sources and an improved forensic capability for resolving
physical and cyber-security incidents. Appropriate performance concepts
for security are developed, which are commensurate with the nature of the potential threat.
There exists a good understanding and effective mitigation of the vulnerabilities of information systems to cyber-attack,
with respect to their representation of people, in providing networks and in the provision of task support. The system is capable of anticipating and adapting to
new threats. There is also enhanced capa-
bility to reduce the ability of people and organisations to obtain harmful devices
and provisions are made to reduce their effectiveness.
Security performance indicators are
systemically linked to security outcomes, allowing measurement of system perfor- mance. Credible measurement of progress towards 2050 targets is possible.
4.4.3 An IntELLIgEnCE-BASEd
APPRoACh
Innovative methods, processes and services are to be developed which fully exploit available information. This allows the proactive identification and prevention of current and future security threats to the total ATS. Intelligence is embedded into the threat assessment process and is based on all-source information supported by research into the detection of emerging risks. This Risk Watch is supported by the
ability to access and perform background information analysis on personnel employed in the ATS and people using the ATS, as well as the establishment of services and processes to distribute necessary and relevant information at the right time, in
the right place, to the right people.
Controls are applied to ensure the com- pliant handling of privacy and civil rights legal issues addressing the ownership of
the data, access rights and longevity of data.
The intelligence based approach enables innovative measures to facilitate transit
of passengers, luggage and goods through the security and immigration, customs and embarkation processes at air transport connection nodes.
StRAtEgIC RESEARCh & InnovAtIon AgEndA CHALLEnGE 4
110
4.5 Air vehicle
operations and traffic
management
4
The airspace in the year 2050 has evolved considerably. Apart from the continuous growth of the number of aircraft and an increased demand for air travel, there are new forms of flying vehicles and aerial applications. These are integrated
seamlessly into the air traffic scheme. new technologies and applications introduce new safety challenges. In addition, airspace is ever more crowded. Consequently, air traffic management concepts evolve along with the growing demand to achieve safety and security goals. Instead of a number of mostly isolated aircraft moving through airspace, there is a multitude of different co-operative and uncooperative elements in the all- encompassing data space incorporating aircraft movements, trajectories, live performance, vehicle status information as well as copious other kinds of data. This leads to - and requires - increased situational awareness and innovative mechanisms to optimise dynamically separate each air vehicle with new levels of collaboration and trust between the actors. Safety throughout the operation is further improved through the use of self-healing systems, devices and materials able to detect abnormal behaviour and reconfigure themselves.
While the evolution of the vehicles and their supporting systems changes the manner in which transport services are provided to the customer, a new generation of air transport interface nodes facilitates safe
and secure transit for passengers and goods, across transport modes seamlessly, with minimum inconvenience, queuing and processing.
4.5.1 SAFEty RAdAR
The safety radar comprises innovative methods, processes and services to ensure the identification and detection of safety hazards. It is enabled by the proactive
identification of atmospheric and other external hazards. Models are developed
that enable the identification of hazard probability, impact and mitigation. The safety radar is also underpinned by
behaviour analysis of passengers, staff and personnel to identify in real-time
abnormal behaviour, mobility patterns, etc. to identify hazards to safety. Similar to the personal level, this is extended to
behaviour analysis of airspace and airport use.
4.5.2 SECURIty RAdAR
The security radar is analogous to the safety radar and comprises innovative methods, processes and services which ensure the identification and detection of security threats. It is based on the reliable detection of abnormal cyber-activity/behaviour
that poses a threat to the integrity of the air transport operation. It makes optimum use of efficient and fast minimum impact sensor technologies to detect dangerous
goods in the transport chain and monitoring
systems to detect abnormal movement of
cargo and baggage.
The security radar is underpinned by
behaviour analysis for passengers, staff and personnel (e.g. vigilance, abnormal
identify security hazards supported by
non-invasive and non-intrusive security
technologies and procedures for passengers.
4.5.3 oPERAtIonAL MISSIon
MAnAgEMEnt SyStEMS
And PRoCEdURES
operational mission management systems and procedures are concerned with protection and responses that facilitate hazard risk management through use of the appropriate tools, including atmospheric models. They enable the optimisation of trajectories to ensure hazard and collision avoidance throughout all flight phases and with the earth’s surface. They also enable the safe access and integration of non- commercial flights, personal air vehicles and UAv within airspace and airports and
ensure that commercial space operations
are merged safely with traditional atmospheric flight operations and airspace structures. Innovative usage concepts are
used to maximise the utilisation of scarce resources such as airspace, runways and parking.
To support accurate mission planning, a
complexity assessment modelling capa- bility is available together with models to identify and predict meteorological and other environmental hazards affecting flights.
In order to ensure hazard avoidance while in-flight and on the ground, systems and new traffic services are coupled with on-board sensor technology that
monitor atmospheric conditions, airspace environment, traffic proximity and flight data. This is supported by intelligent
automation systems, with optimal man-
machine integration and interaction, as well as secure, redundant CnS systems that are
robust to failures of individual components and ensure global coverage.
organisational structures are globally networked to support crisis management
with intelligent decision-making support under high work load and stress. In the case of accident or incident, integrated search and rescue capabilities are available with
rapid and appropriate intervention whilst in the security domain there is unequivo- cal and positive identification, tracking and monitoring, and neutralisation of all threatening flight objects. This relies
on commensurate security intervention methods, tools, technologies and pro- cesses to neutralise active threat.