Ciudad Guayana como centro del desarrollo endógeno local

The results of our multivariate cross-sectional OLS regression displayed below, shows the correlation and significance of the investor and portfolio company variables as possible determinants to the exit indicators.

Investment Divestment Divestment Number

Period Period Duration Sales

OLS OLS OLS OLS

Variables Coef. t-stat Coef. t-stat Coef. t-stat Coef. t-stat

PE Investor Variables

Investor stake at IPO 0,202 2,44 * 0,344 5,31 *** 0,137 2,57 * 0,027 8,28 *** Log(Historic Capital

Raising) -4,230 -3,55 *** 3,013 3,06 ** 2,843 3,51 *** 0,045 0,91 Log(Fund Vintage Age) 2,893 1,81 2,144 1,63 0,139 1,71 Log(Historic Number of

Trades) 6,760 3,72 *** -3,633 -2,06 * -3,349 -2,31 * -0,094 -1,04 Portfolio Company

Variables

Log(Market Cap) -5,731 -3,35 *** -0,687 -0,51 -2,118 -1,91 -0,058 -0,85 Return on Assets at IPO -0,143 -3,40 *** -0,037 -1,13 -0,008 -0,29 -0,003 -1,65 Log(Total Assets at IPO) -1,222 -0,66 -2,742 -1,86 -0,664 -0,55 0,050 0,66 Leverage -0,005 -0,14 0,075 2,55 * 0,047 1,96 0,003 1,99 * Equity to Book -0,122 -1,46 -0,182 -2,79 ** -0,105 -1,96 -0,008 -2,55 *

Market Conditions

Bear Market Investment -6,485 -1,81 1,803 0,65 3,004 1,31 0,039 0,28 Bull Market IPO -0,784 -0,29 -2,965 -1,40 -4,987 -2,86 ** 0,078 0,73

Investment Period -4,148 -2,87 ** -3,355 -2,82 ** 0,013 0,17 Constant 115,919 6,21 *** 38,728 2,36 * 50,955 3,78 *** 0,995 1,2 Observations 466 466 466 466 Adj. R-Squared 0,128 0,177 0,142 0,264 * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

Table VIII - Exit Strategy Determinants

6.5.1

Investment period

For the investment period, we find three significant investor variables, where investor stake and number of trades are positively correlated, while the historic capital raising are negatively

correlated. This means that the investor with a shorter investment period, is significantly characterized as having a lower equity stake, more raised capital and participated in a lower number of trades. The portfolio with a shorter investment period, seem to be bigger and have a higher return on assets.

6.5.2

Divestment period

In the divestment period, we also find three significantly correlated investor characteristics. Again, it is the investor stake, the historic capital raising and number of historic trades. The two significant portfolio company characteristics are leverage and the market equity to book ratio. The divestment period as an independent variable is also significantly correlated. The significant investor stake indicates that the divestment period is shorter for the investor with a lower equity stake in its portfolio company. The positively correlated historical raised capital, and negatively correlated number of trades, characterize the investor with a shorter divestment period, not unlike a VC investor. This is the exact opposite result of the observations in the investment period. The portfolio company with a shorter divestment period seem to have less leverage and a higher market equity to book ratio. The significant investment period as an independent variable, indicate that the portfolio company with a longer investment period has a shorter divestment period.

6.5.3

Divestment duration

The duration is calculated as a value weighted length of the divestment period, and we find three significant investor variables correlated to this. The variables are as previously the investor stake, historic capital raising and number of trades. The investment period as an independent variable, is also correlated with the divestment duration. The significant variables correlates in the same way as for the divestment period, showing that a VC type of investor with more deals and less raised capital, sell more of their shares earlier in the divestment period. An investor with a lower equity stake also sell more of its shares earlier.

As in the divestment period, the investment is period used as an independent variable, indicates that a company with a shorter investment period has a higher divestment duration. In other words, the investor sells more of its shares later.

6.5.4

Number of sales

Only one of the investor characteristics, the investor stake, is significantly correlated with the number of sales. For the portfolio company, there are two significant variables, namely leverage and the market equity to book ratio.

6.5.5

Block Sale probit

Table IX uses a probit regression to determine what characterizes the investor or portfolio company that is exited through a single sale exit. The variables are observed at the IPO.

Block Sale

Probit

Variables Coef. z-stat

PE investor Variables

Investor stake at IPO -0,029 -5,96 *** Log(Historic Capital Raising) -0,057 -0,79 Log(Fund Vintage Age) -0,080 -0,71 Log(Historic Number of Trades) 0,110 0,85 Portfolio Company Variables

Log(Market Cap) 0,002 0,02

Return on Assets at IPO 0,006 2,32 * Log(Total Assets at IPO) 0,117 1,04

Leverage -0,004 -1,50

Equity to Book 0,017 2,56 *

Market Conditions

Bear Market Investment -0,070 -0,34

Bull Market IPO 0,134 0,87

Investment Period 0,030 0,28 Constant 0,167 0,14 Observations 466 Adj. R-Squared 0,143 * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

We find that there are three significant determinants, the investor stake, return on assets and market equity to book ratio. It appears that owning less of the portfolio company increases the chanses for exiting through a single sale. For a portfolio company to have a higher return on assets and higher market equity to book ratio, increases the probability of exiting though a block sale.

6.6

Triggers initiating the sale process

The table below uses Welsh’s t-test to determine the significance of the changes in variables from the IPO to the first sale. We find four variables to have a significant change in characteristics: net income, return on assets, equity to book ratio and change in holdings12_.

Welch’s t-test

Variable Mean first sale Mean IPO difference t-value

Total Assets 384,7 320,4 64,34 1,25 Total Liabilities 218,8 190,9 27,88 0,65 Leverage 42,1 39,7 2,47 1,02 Equity to book 5,1 8,2 -3,07 -3,63 *** Net Income 37,6 18,0 19,59 2,51 * ROA 34,4 15,7 18,65 3,88 *** Investor Holdings 282891,6 349173,2 -66281,00 -2,12 * Market Cap 777600,0 830867,5 -53266,87 -0,58

Variable Mean Block Sales

Mean

Regular Exit difference t-value

Divestment Period 1,38 2,92 1,54 11,86 ***

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

Table X (a) - Change in variables from IPO to first sale

12 _{The investor holdings are calculated as the number of shares held by the investor multiplied with the share price. This} represents the market value of the investors stake in the portfolio company at the time of the observation.

Having found the variables with a significant change from the IPO to the first sale we then calculate the exact change of the variables on a portfolio company level, the result of which are displayed in table X (b). We see that the investors start to sell when there is an increase in net income, return on assets and an increase in its holdings. The significant equity to book ratio is surprising

Change from IPO to first sale

TotalAssets 41,39 % Liabilities 86,09 % Net Income 65,24 % Leverage 2,47 % Equity to book -3,07 % Return on Assets 18,65 % Investor Holdings 5,38 %