5. La Distribución Comercial en España
5.6. Clasificación de los formatos comerciales minoristas
Lastly, a minority of prisoners spoke about how they had opted for BrightHorizons because they perceived it their best option for maximising their release prospects (see also Shoham et al., 2017). This extrinsic motive tended to be expressed by those who had disclosed more difficulty adjusting to imprisonment, and those who were on shorter sentences and/or nearing the end of their sentence:
“I don’t like to sugar-coat things, I’ll tell you how it is really… you know, when you come to prison… I’d almost say it’s animal instinct to be honest, but the first thing is, how do I get the fuck out of here?... so at first, there were selfish reasons in thinking that it’s a good job that is looked upon that you could get out…” (Joe)
Importantly, however, all of those who disclosed similarly extrinsic, self-preservative motives spoke about them in combination with the more common, well-internalised ones of wanting to better themselves and help others. For example, Keira said that she had joined because “I thought it was cool talking about your story to people, to young girls and if I’m going to be honest as well, I think because I saw that it would look good on your OASys report.” Whilst Mick said he had joined:
“…obviously to do something meaningful with your time… something that’s positive, that’s quite positive for young people like yourself, positive for yourself and also it’s a good thing to do so when it does come to the time when they come to decide whether they want to let you out or not they’ll say, “What have you done with your time?” and obviously, working in somewhere like this doing something positive, helping other people, giving something back is obviously looked upon as a positive thing so it’ll work in
149 your favour… so for them to look at me in a different light is obviously a
motivation as well.”
This suggests that some prisoners were simultaneously motivated to participate for extrinsic and more internalised reasons. The following chapters (particularly chapter 8) will demonstrate how – largely in line with SDT’s predictions regarding the fulfilment of BPNs – extrinsic motivation became internalised over time spent participating on BrightHorizons.
5.4. Concluding thoughts
This chapter considered prisoners initial motivations for participating in BrightHorizons. Giving back was the primary theme (Maruna, LeBel and Lanier, 2004; Boyce, Hunter and Hough, 2009; Edgar, Jacobson and Biggar, 2011; see also Adler and Mir, 2012; Fletcher and Batty, 2012; Behan, 2014). Motivation to join BrightHorizons as a means to give back appeared to be underpinned by a combination of a cognitive restructuring towards taking responsibility for the past, an existing, well-internalised desire to change (with emphasis upon learning, growing and making amends), and strongly expressed intentions to desist from crime (see also Jackson and Innes, 2000; McMurran et al., 2008; Campbell, Sellen and McMurran, 2010; Stevens, 2013; Frank et al., 2015; Crewe and Ievins, 2019). This reflects intrinsic motivation and integrated regulation as conceptualised within SDT, because prisoners spoke of giving back in terms of their interest in working with young people, and their personal investment in their rehabilitative journeys and commitment to desistance - which BrightHorizons aimed to support. Thus, they were motivated to join BrightHorizons because the aims and activities within the programme itself appealed to them.
Despite evidence of such high-quality motivation, however, many were nevertheless wary about joining due to being concerned about what participating would involve. Thus, some had needed external encouragement from somebody else before applying. Others were somewhat externally motivated to join because they had recognised that they could gain skills and experience by participating in BrightHorizons that would be useful for the future - a chance that was rare in the prison. The general lack of opportunities in the prison was another external influence upon motivation to join. Their desire to avoid the boredom of doing nothing and/or having to endure the menial nature of other prison jobs meant many were also motivated to
150 join BrightHorizons to make their immediate situation more bearable (eg. Lin, 2002; Stevens, 2013; Behan, 2014; Frank et al., 2015). Additionally, for a few, to build a strong case for their release (eg. Fox, 1999; Clarke, Simmonds and Wydall, 2004; Tewksbury and Stengel, 2006; Fletcher and Batty, 2012). Thus, extrinsic motivations were also present. Overall then, BrightHorizons was seen by prisoners as an opportunity to address multiple short- and long- term goals (see also Palmer, 1984; De Leon et al., 2000; Mcmurran, Theodosi and Sellen, 2006, 2006; McMurran et al., 2008; Sellen et al., 2009; Campbell, Sellen and McMurran, 2010; Groshkova, 2010; Grella and Rodriguez, 2011; Stevens, 2013).
The proceeding three chapters will demonstrate how prisoners’ experience of participation on BrightHorizons maintained and strengthened motivation over time. The analysis will show that, for the most part, prisoners’ initial well-internalised motivation to give back and work on their rehabilitation was maintained and/or reinforced, and initial extrinsic motivation was internalised. However, this well-internalised motivation was sometimes undermined, thus external motivators also continued to influence participation. In line with SDT predictions, the ebbs and flows that prisoners referred to when describing their motivation over time largely appeared to be a result of the extent to which participating provided a sense of competence (Chapter 6), relatedness (Chapter 7), and autonomy (Chapters 6 and 8). The next chapter focuses upon the ways in which participating on BrightHorizons instilled a sense of competence and autonomy.
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