Clima Institucional

Figure7_{: Rehabilitated uplifted water} tank in the town centre.

Figure8: Water kiosk providing water to households in Ribáuè.

The Small Towns Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Programme in Nampula (NAMWASH) was formed through a joint partnership of the Australian Government, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Mozambique, and the Government of Mozambique. It was implemented by UNICEF Mozambique in conjunction with the Administration of Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure (AIAS) and Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing (DPOPH) of Nampula. The programme ran from January2012to June2014and included varied interventions benefitting the towns of Ribáuè, Rapale, Mecubúri, Namialo, and Monapo. All five of these towns lie along the Nacala Corridor and are anticipated to experience significant growth over the next25years.

Prior to carrying out interventions in these towns, UNICEF Mozambique commissioned a willingness to pay (WTP) survey to be carried out in Ribáuè in June2012. This survey of371house- holds was carried out to understand preferences for various forms of water supply as well as willingness and capacity to pay for these forms of water supply. In September and early October 2012, a baseline household survey was carried out to establish pre-intervention conditions in all five towns to be targeted by NAMWASH. This survey also included two “control” towns that would not benefit from NAMWASH—Liúpo and Namapa-Eráti. In total,1,610surveys were administered across seven towns with 252households being sampled per town. The sampling design fol-

b ac k g ro u n d t o t h e p ro j e c t 37

lowed that of the2008Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)44 44

Instituto Nacional de Estatística.

Final Report of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Republic of Mozambique, Maputo,2009

and2011Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)45and used multi-

45

Instituto Nacional de Estatística.

Moçambique Inquérito Demográfico e de Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Estatística (with technical assistance by MEASURE DHS/ICF International), Republic of Mozambique, Maputo, 2011

stage cluster sampling based on enumeration areas (EAs) as speci- fied by the National Statistics Institute (INE).Admiraal and Doepel [2014] provided an examination of key WASH indicators and com- parisons across the sampled towns based on the baseline data46

.

46

R. Admiraal and D. Doepel. Using baseline surveys to inform interven- tions and follow-up surveys: A case- study using the Nampula Province Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Pro- gram. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development,4(3):410–421, 2014

The original intent had been for NAMWASH to be delivered in two phases with Phase I including comprehensive WASH interven- tions to be trialled in the town of Ribáuè. Phase II would then see the remaining four communities benefit from similar interventions. Funding for Phase II has yet to be secured, however, so, at present, only the town of Ribáuè has benefited from the full suite of benefits envisioned as part of NAMWASH47

.

47

The towns of Rapale, Mecubúri, Namialo, and Monapo have also benefited from NAMWASH, but none received piped water as Ribáuè did.

As part of NAMWASH, the town of Ribáuè benefitted from the rehabilitation and expansion of a derelict piped water system from colonial times48

. Approximately one year after project completion,

48

We will describe the specifics of this rehabilitation project in greater detail later.

the piped network now delivers treated water24hours a day,7 days a week to the community through more than330yard taps,10 water kiosks and2standpipes, direct connections to14businesses, and31connections to public services and the local council49.

49

This includes local accommodation and hospitality businesses, Ribáuè’s Rural Hospital, the local primary school, and government services.

Sanitation and hygiene interventions were also carried out in Ribáuè and included a blend of community-led total sanitation (CLTS)50

and participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation

50

K. Kar and R. Chambers. Handbook on Community-Led Total Sanitation. Plan International UK, London,2008 (PHAST)51

approaches with sanitation marketing and multimedia

51

R. Sawyer, M. Simpson-Hebert, and S. Wood. PHAST Step-by-Step Guide: A Participatory Approach for the Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva,1998 communication techniques such as community radios and multi-

media mobile units. The interventions involved a neighbourhood competition where households were to build improved latrines52

52

Improved latrine include a concrete slab with lid, along with a super- structure that secures privacy and a handwashing station.

with appropriate superstructures and handwashing stations53 .

53

In this case, tippy taps, which are household handwashing stations made of locally available materials.

This was undertaken through a joint effort of the local community, latrine slab artisans, and NAMWASH personnel. NAMWASH per- sonnel provided supplementary training to local artisans for the production of low-cost slab models, and NAMWASH covered the costs of cement, iron, and labour for artisans to build the slabs. Organisation for the Sustainable Development (OLIPA-ODES) mo- bilised households to collect or buy stones, sand, and water as well as dig proper latrine pits. Households were also responsible for the transportation of slabs to their homes and construction of a durable superstructure to house the latrine. Households desiring super- structures of modern materials were required to cover the costs on their own. UNICEF Mozambique estimated the cost of a fully built latrine to be approximately2,000MZN ($66.67USD) with subsidies provided by NAMWASH comprising roughly20% of this cost. The interest in improved latrines exceeded the budgeted goals with1,170households in Ribáuè building improved latrines due

to NAMWASH. Additionally,25disability-specific latrines54 were 54

Wider latrine entrance, appropriate hand supports, raised seat, etc.

built in Ribáuè without any contribution required from the house- hold, and gender- and disability-specific latrines were provided to four schools, three public markets, and the Ribáuè Rural Hospital and Namiconha Health Centre. Accompanying these activities were

hygiene and sanitation promotion messages through both multime- dia and face-to-face messages.