Clima social de aula: concepto desde el criterio de varios autores y de Moos y Trickett.

129 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECCOMMENDATION

This is the concluding chapter of the thesis. It consists of the summary of the research with greater emphasis on the major findings, the conclusion and policy implication of the findings.

The contributions of the research to knowledge are documented, appropriate policy recommendations are made from the findings and areas of further research are equally suggested.

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4. Total rice demand was significantly influenced by household size, non-food total expenditure, age, sectoral and zonal factors. All factors were significant at 1 percent probability level, with the exception of non-food total expenditure, that was significant at 10 percent level and household sizethat was significant at 5 percent.

Non-food total expenditure and age showed inverse relationship with total rice expenditure, while other significant factors displayed positive signs.

5. The determinants of imported rice demand were: household size, non- food total expenditure, education, primary occupation, sectoral and zonal factors. All the factors were significant at 1 percent probability level, with the exception of educational level, that was significant at 10 percent and the dummy for sectorthat was significant at 5 percent. Non-food total expenditure, primary occupation and two of the zonal dummies were negatively related to imported rice demand, while others were directly related.

6. For improved domestic (agric.) rice demand, the determinants were household size, non-food total expenditure, age, marital status, primary occupation, community membership and all the zonal dummies. A positive relationship existed between agric.

rice demand and factors like marital status, primary occupation and all zonal (except South-East) variables. Others were inversely related to agric. rice demand. All the mentioned factors were highly significant at 1 percent probability level.

7. Local rice demand was found to be statistically influenced by the following variables:

non-food total expenditure, age, marital status, community membership and all zonal variables. Non-food total expenditure, marital status and all zonal dummies showed negative signs, while other factors were positively related to local rice demand.

8. The estimated elasticities from the Tobit model showed that imported, agric. and local rice were non-income-elastic as their various values of elasticities: 7.266×10^-08, 1.727×10^-07and 1.001×10^-07,were less than unity but greater than zero. Hence, all rice commodities were classified as ‗necessities‘ and ‗normal good‘. They were equally non-price-elastic as all price elasticities were less than unity. However, the traditional inverse demand-price and direct demand-income relationship was maintained in all the coefficients.

9. The results of the cross price elasticities for imported rice revealed that local rice, white garri, yam and brown beans were substitute products to imported rice; while agric. rice, yellow garri, white beans, millet, guinea corn, white maize and yellow maize were classified as complements.

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10. For the agric. rice commodity, yellow garri, guinea corn, millet, white maize and yellow maize were found to be substitute products; while imported rice, local rice, white garri, yam, brown beans and white beans, were found to be complementary to agric. rice.

11. Similarly, the competitive products to local rice includedimported rice,agric. rice, yellow garri, yam, millet and guinea corn; while, white garri, brown beans, white beans, white maize and yellow maize emerged as complementary products to local rice.

12. Area cultivated, fertilizer consumption and import quantities were found to significantly influence the supply of domestic rice in Nigeria in the Vector ECM short-run and long-run model.

13. The result of the short-run VECM model stated that the adjustment to any disequilibrium caused by shocks in output of rice was corrected within 12/0.26 (46) months. Shocks due to area were corrected within 12/0.24 (50) months. The adjustment speed of fertilizer consumption was 0.04. Farmers adjusted to short-run fluctuation in import within 12/0.37 (33) months.

14. Local rice output was not price elastic in the long run and short run in the error correction model.

15. Household size, per capita expenditure, education, marital status, primary occupation, prices of imported and agric. rice and all locational factors exercised significant influence on switch from imported to agric. rice. All the factors were significant at 1 percent probability level with due exception to education and marital status, which were significant at 10 and 5 percent, respectively. Per capita expenditure, marital status, and price of agric. and two zonal dummies showed inverse relationship, while other factors were directly related. All the factors that were significant above equally influenced switch from agric. to imported rice but in reverse direction.

16. Preference switch from imported to agric. rice was determined by a number of factors, particularly household size, per capita expenditure, primary occupation, sector, zonal factors and price of imported and agric. rice. All the aforementioned factors were highly significant at 1 percent probability level. Other factors were marital status and education, which were significant at 5 and10 percent, respectively.

17. Household size, age, education, per capita expenditure,primary occupation, price of imported and local rice as well as locational factors significantly influenced switch from imported to local rice at various probability levels.

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18. Similarly, switch from agric. to local rice was significantly influenced by household size, age, education, per capita expenditure, marital status, primary occupation, community membership, price of agric. rice and all zonal variables. All these factors were significant at 1 percent probability level.