F TM- VRSH
III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
III.2. MÉTODOS
III.2.2. Clonaje y expresión de la proteína F del MNVH
E1 To allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to get in and out of the cell F2 The spiracle have valve
E2 To allow the opening and closing of the trachea so that air can go in and out F3 The trachea are reinforced with chitin(made up of protein)
E3 To prevent the trachea from collapsing
F4 The trachea branched into finer tubes called tracheole which are in direct contact to the cell and organ
E4 To transport the respiratory gases quickly
F5 The tips of the tracheole is one-cell thick wall and contain fluid(moist) E5 To allow the respiratory gases to dissolve
F6 The tracheal system has air sacs
E6 To speed up the movement of gases to and from the insect’s tissues Exam tips :
- Memorising the four common characteristics is important because you can use it to answer question on adaptions of all organisms
Adaptation of the filament
F1 Have network of blood capillaries
E1 To transport respiratory gases effeiciently F2 One-cell thick wall
E2 To nesure diffusion of gases occured easily F3 Has numerous lamella
E3 To increase total surface area (TSA) for diffusion of gases F4 Has counter current exchange mechanism
E4 To allow the gaseous exchange efficiently Countercurrent exchange
P1 Blood and water flow in opposite direction P2 Maintains diffusion gradient
P3 Maximizing oxygen transfer from water to blood
P4 It is significant because ensure oxygen concentration is always higher in the water
P5 So that oxygen will always diffuse to the blood capillaries
Exam tips:
- Respiratory gases is Oxygen and Carbon dioxide - For fish, the adaptation of moist respiratory surface is
not suitable because fish is already in the water!!!
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BIOLOGYLOVE second edition 2.0/2012The adaptation of respiratory structure of amphibians(frog)
F1 The skin of the frog is thin
E1 highly permeable to respiratory gases F2 The skin/membrane of the lung is moist E2 To dissolve respiratory gases
F3 The skin has alrge number of blood capillaries under the skin/ lungs have network of blood capillaries
E3 For efficient transport of gases
F4 The lungs consist of a pair of thin walled sacs connected to the mouth through an opening called glottis
E4 To allow gases from mouth move to the lungs F5 The membrane of the lungs are thin
E5 To allow diffusion of gases to occur easily
Essays
Anaerobic respiration in human muscle
P1 During a vigorous exercise (running), the breathing rate is increased.
P2 This is to supply more oxygen to the muscles for rapid muscular contraction.
P3 However, the supply of oxygen to muscles is still insufficient.
P4 and the muscles have to carry out anaerobic respiration to release energy.
P5 The glucose is converted into lactic acid, with only a limited amount of energy being produced.
P6 An oxygen debt builds up in the body, when no oxygen use in energy production.
P7 High level of lactic acid in the muscles cause them to ache.
P8 After running, the athlete breathes more rapidly and deeply than normal for twenty minutes.
P9 There is recovery period after 10 minutes until it reaches 20 minutes when oxygen is paid back during aerobic respiration.
P10 About 1/6 lactic acid is oxidized to carbon dioxide, water and energy.
Anaerobic respiration in yeast P1 Yeast normally respires aerobically.
P2 Under anaerobic condition, yeast carry out anaerobic respiration.
P3 Produces ethanol.
P4 Process known as fermentation.
P5 Catalysed by the enzyme zymase.
P6 Ethanol produced can be used in making wine and beer.
P7 In bread making, the carbon dioxide released during fermentation of yeast causes the dough to rise.
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BIOLOGYLOVE second edition 2.0/2012 Breathing mechanisms in manTransport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body
P1 Gaseous exchange across the alveolus occurs by diffusion.
P2 Diffusion of gas depends on differences in partial pressure between two regions.
P3 The partial pressure/ concentration of oxygen in the air of the alveoli is higher compared to the partial pressure/ concentration of oxygen in the blood capillaries.
P4 Therefore, oxygen diffuse across the surface of the alveolus and blood capillaries into blood.
P5 The transport of oxygen is carried out by the blood circulatory system.
P6 Oxygen combines with respiratory pigment called haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
P7 To form oxyhaemoglobin.
P8 When the blood passed the tissue with low partial pressure of oxygen, P9 Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen.
P10 Carbon dioxide released by repairing cells can be transported by dissolve carbon dioxide in the blood plasma.
P11 Bind to the haemoglobin.
P12 As carbaminohaemoglobin.
P13 In form of bicarbonate ions.
P14 Carbon dioxide is expelled with water vapour from the lung.
P1 Diaphragm is a muscular sheet in the body cavity separating the thorax from the abdomen.
P2 At the start of inhalation, the muscles of the diaphragm contract , making it less arched.
P3 This helps to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and reduce the pressure of the thoracic cavity. Air rushes into the lungs.
P4 When the muscles of the diaphragm relax , it returns to its arched condition , reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity and increasing the pressure of the thoracic cavity. Air is forced out of the lungs.
P5 The muscles between the ribs are known as intercostals muscles.
P6 During inhalation the external intercostals muscle contracts and raise the lower ribs.
P7 This helps to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity and reduce the pressure of the thoracic cavity. Air rushes into the lungs.
P8 During exhalation the external intercostals muscles contract , the ribs return to their original position , reduce the pressure of the thoracic cavity.
P9 Air is forced out of the lungs.
P10 The alveoli are thin-walled air sacs with the lungs.
P11 These sacs are surrounded by a network of capillaries.
P12 During inhalation the alveoli are filled with air and gaseous exchange occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries.
P13 Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the capillaries while carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli.
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BIOLOGYLOVE second edition 2.0/2012 EssaysDescribe how the change of oxygen and carbon dioxide content are regulated by the body
F1 The higher level of carbon dioxide in the blood cause the drop of the pH value
F2 The drop in pH is detected by central chemoreceptor in medulla oblongata
F3 Then the central chemoreceptor send nerve impulses tto the diaphgram and intercoastal muscle
F4 Causing (respiratory muscle) to contract and relax F5 Finally, increases the breathing and ventilation rate
concentration of carbon dioxide
F6 And pH value of the blood return to normal level
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BIOLOGYLOVE second edition 2.0/2012 Food chainSequence of organism which energy is transferred/flow from trophic level to another trophic level by eating process.
Food web is the interconnection of many food chains
Chapter 8 : Dynamic Ecosystem
In food chain, the energy received by the organism in each trophic level is only 10%
from the previous organism. 90% energy lost as heat.
Example : the producer get 25000J energy from the sun, then how much energy is received by the secondary consumer?
1st consumer get : 10% from 25000J = 2500J 2nd consumer get : 10% from 2500J = 250J
Why most food chain havenot more than 4/5 links?
- Because animals at the end of the food chain would not get enough food/energy.
Interaction between biotic components Parasitism (+ -)
Mutualism (+ +) Commensalism (+ 0)
The organism which always get negative effect or did not get any effect is always the host