As the trio of spheres of commitment, due to the addition of HE study, took effect there were implications for WLB and wellbeing. Reduction in time available restricted
opportunities for exercise and self-care, leading to compromised well-being. For example, during the FG Jane and Pam described study taking over leaving no time for exercise and leading to some self-neglect, which Jane described in terms of: ‘no living…’(Jane, Focus Group, page 7: 151). The women described activities being side-lined, as HE study and deadlines dominated, leading to missed events, including Wendy forgetting her holiday. The FG coincided with dissertation (final assessment) submission, hence the women reflected back upon challenges, and the physical and emotional consequences. For example, the women described putting on weight, due to limited time for exercise and poor eating habits, as HE study was prioritised.
The Foundation degree involved attending University one study day per week, usually an afternoon and evening, and included taught sessions, tutorials, seminars and library time. The women described the study day as challenging as they managed other commitments before attending, working and caring for their own children, creating a long, tiring day. For example, Pearl described the study day as follows:
’I get here for one o’clock…until half eight….it is a long day I usually end up really tired by the time I get home‘ (Pearl, Interview. Page 8: 389-94)
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The women described the study day as demanding, as they moved from one role / set of responsibilities to another, equated with stress, including physical symptoms, such as headaches. The time was sometimes difficult to organise, for example Wendy was let down with childcare and felt unsettled during sessions and Jane described worrying about how things would be when she returned home. However, the study day was valued, facilitating theory development and time with tutors and peers, therefore, motivating the women to continue.
The reduction in free time due to the trio of spheres of commitment meant fewer
opportunities for relaxation and difficulty switching off from HE study. For example Wendy described late night study, causing difficulty unwinding and sleeping:
’…and then you are going over things in your head…thinking I have not put that in and I need to put that in and you have weird dreams…’ (Wendy, Interview, page 11: 532-3)
Hence HE study dominated the minds of the women, impacting upon other aspects of life, including disturbed sleep and reduced rest, creating increased sleep focus:
Pam: ‘The only me time I get is in bed, head on pillow that is my time…Right now I am looking forward to going to bed tonight’ Jane: ‘… I have never appreciated my bed so much’ (Focus Group, page 74: 1805-1807)
Sleep focus becomes evident amongst those with excessive demands and reduced rest opportunities. Hochschild (2000) observed sleep obsession amongst those working long hours, which paralleled commentary within my study, as accumulative commitments reduced time and opportunity to sleep.
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Additionally as the women came to be end of the degree they considered how their health had been adversely affected due to their demands:
Wendy: ’I have had labyrinthitis as well….It kicks in when you are most stressed’ (Focus Group, page 25: 608)
Pam: ‘I think it is when you are low…’
Jane: ‘…I think we have all vulnerable…I mean we have had coughs, colds….And working with children don’t help, I have had more tummy bugs this year that I have had in my life…’
Wendy: ‘I have had colds’
Jane: ‘It is stress…the doctor has told me its stress…’ (Focus Group, page 26: 619-624)
The women equated physical implications upon their health and compromised well-being with the demands of HE study and completing their final assessments. Pam described how she felt:
‘I am just so tired …..I feel like a wrung out dish cloth…’ (Pam, Focus Group, page 21, 493)
Increased commitments impacted upon well-being as HE study was additional not substituted. Huffman et al. (2012) found well-being compromised through excessive demands adversely effecting daily coping ability, reflecting the experience of most women within my study. Adding HE study and creating a trio of spheres of commitment created WLB disequilibrium, compromising well-being. Yet participants continued with the situation through adaptation and utilising personal strategies, which forms the basis of the second theme.
145 5.3 Theme Two Adaptation and personal strategy
For the women to continue with the trio of spheres of commitment, they adapted through personal and household strategies, which reflected the diversity amongst households and personal attributes. Some women had fewer demands with a more independent family or reduced workload, for example Angela compared her situation with others:
‘I am aware that the other students… some of them work a lot longer than me and I know the stresses they are going through’ (Angela, Interview, page 12:585-586)
Angela was amongst the women who positively changed her situation in response to HE study. For other women positive attitudes / approaches proved significant, for example, Charlotte commented:
’…to be honest it is not that big a problem with housework … it is not the biggest of house…’ (Charlotte, Interview, page 6: 257-258)
Charlotte viewed herself as positive and organised, well supported by her parents,
describing herself as ‘happy’ and accepting her busy life. Diversity in approaches was based upon individual standards, priorities, and levels of acceptance, including ignoring housework to prioritise HE study, for example, Wendy commented:
’…the house is a mess at the minute but I have got to get my assignment finished…I think when I have finished my assignment I will clean up…..but it will have to wait‘ (Wendy, Interview, page 3 :104-106)
This showed personal choices, however, whilst some ignored demands, others proved unable to, as Jane’s commentary reflected.
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‘I like the house to be tidy… I have a problem with it… I can’t sit down on a Saturday to do my work if the house is a mess…’ (Jane, Interview, page 10: 460- 1)
Some of the women were unable to focus upon HE study in an untidy house, connecting with attitudes towards domestic standards and personal acceptance. Baxter (2000) explored the high value placed upon the care of the family, which was exhibited in the attitudes of women in my study. Megan lived with her parents and offered an alternate perspective, describing the difficulty of contributing to housework because her mother did everything. Women in my study demonstrated similar
patterns, doing all household tasks and reflecting ‘Super Mom’ behaviour (Shaevitz, 1985). The ‘Super Mom’ theory was associated with the growth in women’s
employment without a proportional redistribution of domestic responsibility (Hochschild, 2000; Shaevitz, 1985). For example Jane commented:
‘…make it easier for everyone else, it might not be easier for me…I have to be wonder woman almost’ (Jane, Interview, page 6: 276-277)
This often meant sacrificing personal time to maintain household standards, influenced by attitudes and attributes.
Household attitudes and ability were also significant within the adaptation process. Some women were well supported, for example, Karen’s family contributed well, but she
described herself as ‘a bit hard’ and expressed guilt (Karen, Interview, page 5:241). She reflected on pressure upon women to take responsibility, referring to ‘Kim and Aggie’ (‘How clean is your house?’) who host a TV programme showing peoples’ homes as unclean (Karen, Interview, page 11:536). Karen conveyed annoyance at the judgement upon women and that she might be
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considered a ‘dirty bitch’ (Karen, Interview, page 11: 537). I questioned this in terms of household responsibility, her response demonstrated a conflict:
‘…people will judge me if my house is a tip…..even if I have been upstairs studying all weekend and they are supposed to have tidied up…..I think it is my ultimate
responsibility…..and I don’t think it should be….but I think that it just is….there is a difference between how I feel up there (points to head) and in there (points to heart)’ (Karen, Interview, page 11:525-528)
Hence whilst Karen’s family contributed to domestic tasks, an internal conflict reflected responsibility and traditional gendered views. Many women in my study described a lack of understanding, amongst their family in relation to commitments, for example Simone described her children:
‘…when they are studying that is all they are doing…they don’t understand that you have still got the house to run, the cleaning to do, the beds to change, the
shopping…..the cooking to do…..they take it for granted…it’s an accepted part of life…..were mum studying is an alien thing...’ (Simone, Interview, page 7:307-310)
Whilst, there was number of comments relating to family not understanding, there was unwillingness to seek help amongst the women, as they felt proud and conflicted:
Jane: ’Yeah I do get help…but I feel I have to ask for it…..and I feel resentful’ Pearl: ‘I don’t ask for it, I just do it’
Jane: ’Well…you know I would say to [my husband] can wash up, but I feel that I shouldn’t have to, because they can see what you do…’ (Focus Group, page 35: 844-7)
Personal responsibility and a lack of understanding around domestic needs created a dilemma amongst women and reflected complexity around support. Despite changes in attitudes gender conflict related to role and responsibility remains deeply embedded within social expectations (Baxter, 2000; Gerson, 2009; Hochschild, 2000; 1989; Houston and
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Waumsley, 2003; Oakley, 1987). Women in my study commented upon differences between men and women numerous times, as they felt weighed down by responsibilities, which took valuable time. One possible solution was managing time which I consider next.