3. RESULTADOS, ANÁLISIS Y DISCUSIÓN
3.1 Desempeño profesional docente
3.1.2 Coevaluación de docentes por parte de coordinadores de área
43 Data analysis
Data obtained were analyzed using Epi-Info statistical software package version 7. The
44
private schools. The number of students from public schools was 989 (73.3%) while 361 (26.7%) were from private schools as shown in Table II. The mean age of the study subjects was 15.3±2.2 years with a range of 10-19 years. The age and sex distribution of the students is illustrated in Table III.
Table III. Age and sex distribution of 1350 study subjects in Jalingo Ag
e
Male n (%)
Female n (%)
Total N(%)
10 9(1.4) 13(1.8) 22 (1.6)
11 20(3.2) 31(4.3) 51(3.8)
12 36(5.7) 52(7.2) 88(6.5)
13 96(15.3) 85(11.8) 181(13.4)
14 92(14.6) 115(15.8) 207(15.3)
15 92(14.6) 111(15.4) 203(15.1)
16 66(10.5) 116(16.1) 182(13.5)
17 78(12.5) 91(12.6) 169(12.5)
18 79(12.6) 70(9.7) 149(11.0)
19 60(9.6) 38(5.3) 98(7.3)
To tal
628(100) 722(100) 1350(100)
45
Socio-economic classes (SEC) – Most of the students were from the lower social classes (4 and 5) with population of 650 (415 and 235) students. The upper social classes (1 and 2) had the least population with 184 (62 and122) students. The middle social class (3) had 516 students. The distribution of the study subjects according to individual socioeconomic class is shown in Figure I.
Figure 1. Socioeconomic class distribution of students in Jalingo
Anthropometry
The anthropometric characteristics of the students are displayed in Tables IV, V and VI.
All the anthropometric parameters showed increasing values with age (Tables V and VI).
There were significant differences in the anthropometric indices of height (p=0.000), weight (p=0.010) and body mass index (p=0.000) between boys and girls but not statistically significant for waist circumference (p=0.145) as shown in Table IV.
Weight – The mean weight of the students was 48.6±10.9kg with a range of 23-100kg (Table IV). Girls were heavier than boys up to middle adolescence after which males
46
were heavier than the females (Table V and VI) and this was statistically significant (t= -2.56, p=0.010)
Table IV. Overall mean anthropometric measurements of the study subjects
Anthropometr y
Male Female Total
n=628 n=722 N=1350 t p
Wt (kg)
Mean(±SD) 47.73(11.5 )
49.26(10.3 )
48.55(±10.9 )
-2.5
6
0.007
*
Range 23.6-84.8 22.7-100 23-100
Ht (m)
Mean(±SD) 1.59(0.12) 1.57(0.08) 1.58(±0.10) 3.5 5
0.000
*
Range 1.22-1.85 1.26-1.79 1.22-1.85
WC (cm)
Mean(±SD) 65.24(9.1) 65.95(8.6) 65.62(±8.9) -1.4
6
0.145
Range 22.5-90.5 21.5-100 22-100
47 BMI (kg/m2)
Mean(±SD) 18.25(2.7) 19.47(3.3) 18.91(±3.1) -7.4
1
0.000
*
Range 11.7-32.5 11.4-42 11.4-42
*Statistically significant p values at 0.05 level of significance. Wt=Weight, Ht=Height, WC=Waist Circumference, BMI=Body Mass Index, SD=Standard Deviation
Height- The mean height of the study population was 1.58±0.9m and ranged from 1.22-1.85m (Table IV). Girls were taller than boys at early and middle adolescence but these reversed from 16 years in favour of the boys (Table V and VI). This differences was statistically significant (t=4.48, p=0.000)
Waist circumference (WC) - The overall mean waist circumference was 65.62±8.9cm and a range of 22.5-100cm. Girls had higher WC until late adolescence (18 years) when it reversed but this was not statistically significant (t=-1.46, p=0.145). This is displayed in Tables IV, V and VI.
Body Mass Index (BMI) - Overall mean BMI was 18.9±3.1 with a range of 11.4-42.
There was a statistically significant difference between girls and boys (t=-7.41, p=0.000).
Tables IV, V and VI illustrate this findings.
Table V. Mean anthropometric measurements of 628 boys
Age No of
studen ts
Wt(±SD) Kg
Ht(±SD) m
WC(±SD) cm
BMI(±SD) Kg/m2)
48
10 9 34.9(5.0) 1.43(0.01
)
61.3(0.6) 16.9(0.1)
11 20 35.4(2.5) 1.43(0.02
)
61.7(1.3) 17.0(0.7)
12 36 36.3(5.1) 1.46(0.02
)
61.6(1.4) 16.7(0.6)
13 96 37.9(5.1) 1.50(0.03
)
60.2(4.0) 16.5(0.8)
14 92 41.2(5.0) 1.54(0.03
)
62.3(3.2) 16.9(0.8)
15 92 47.1(6.0) 1.60(0.03
)
63.4(3.9) 17.8(0.8)
16 66 52.5(5.2) 1.64(0.02
)
67.2(2.4) 19.2(0.9)
17 78 55.5(5.1) 1.67(0.02
)
68.0(3.1) 19.7(0.8)
18 79 57.6(6.1) 1.69(0.02
)
70.7(1.8) 20.0(0.8)
19 60 59.0(5.7) 1.70(0.02
)
71.6(1.6) 20.3(0.7)
Total 628 47.7(11.5 1.6(0.1) 65.2(9.1) 18.3(2.7)
49 )
Wt=Weight, Ht=Height, WC=Waist Circumference, BMI=Body Mass Index, SD=Standard Deviation
Table VI. Mean anthropometric measurements of 722 girls
Age No of
students
Wt(±SD) Kg
Ht(±SD) m
WC(±SD) cm
BMI(±SD) Kg/m2
10 13 31.3(3.4) 1.39(0.01) 58.2(0.5) 15.6(0.2)
11 31 36.1(5.3) 1.44(0.02) 61.1(1.2) 17.0(0.5)
12 52 40.3(6.4) 1.49(0.02) 62.5(2.1) 17.8(0.9)
13 85 45.8(6.6) 1.54(0.02) 65.7(2.2) 18.8(1.2)
14 115 47.8(7.4) 1.57(0.03) 62.7(4.8) 18.7(1.0)
15 111 50.8(6.5) 1.59(0.02) 66.6(3.4) 19.9(1.3)
16 116 52.1(6.0) 1.59(0.02) 67.8(2.8) 20.1(1.1)
17 91 54.1(6.2) 1.61(0.02) 68.1(2.8) 20.3(1.1)
18 70 55.6(6.3) 1.61(0.02) 69.6(2.1) 21.1(1.1)
19 38 54.0(4.8) 1.58(0.02) 68.8(1.4) 20.8(0.6)
Total 722 49.3(10.3) 1.6(0.10) 65.1(2.3) 19.0(0.9)
Wt=Weight, Ht=Height, WC=Waist circumference, BMI=Body Mass Index, SD=Standard Deviation
Blood pressure (BP) measurements
50
Table VII shows mean blood pressure distribution of the study population for all ages.
The highest SBP and DBP were 165mmHg and 95mmHg at 18years and 15 years respectively. Table VIII displays mean BP distribution in relation to age and sex. The tables show that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased with age. This is also depicted in Figure 2.
Table VII. Mean and ranges of blood pressure of 1350 subjects.
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Age
No of students
Mean(±SD) Range
Mean(±SD) Range
10 22 93.6(7.4) 80-107 60.0(5.0) 47-70
11 51 99.2(10.6) 76-120 62.9(7.1) 47-83
12 88 103.6(11.0) 80-140 65.7(6.0) 53-82
13 181 104.2(10.8) 80-143 66.0(7.4) 48-88
14 207 107.0(11.5) 83-150 67.5(7.6) 47-90
15 203 109.0(11.9) 80-150 67.8(8.2) 47-95
16 182 112.2(12.4) 80-150 69.6(8.0) 50-90
51
17 169 113.2(11.8) 90-153 69.8(8.3) 48-93
18 149 113.8(12.1) 90-165 71.2(8.8) 50-90
19 98 113.1(12.7) 90-143 72.6(7.6) 57-90
Total 1350 108.9(12.5) 76-165 68.3(8.2) 47-95
Table VIII. Mean blood pressure in relation to age and sex.
Mean(±SD) Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Mean(±SD) Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) A
ge
Male n=628
Female n=722
t p Male
n=62 8
Fema le n=72
2
t p
52 10 95.4(3.
9)
92.3(6.
0)
1.
02
0.3 20
61.9(
3.2)
58.6(
4.6)
1.
36 0
0.1 91
11 98.5(5.
5)
99.7(9.
2)
0.
42 0
0.6 80
64.8(
3.9)
61.7(
5.7)
1.
56 0
0.1 26
12 99.9(8.
9)
106.2(
11.7)
2.
84 0
0.0 06*
65.3(
2.9)
66.0(
5.2)
-0.
52 0
0.6 07
13 101.2(
7.3)
107.5(
7.3)
4.
03 4
0.0 00*
64.9(
4.3)
67.2(
5.9)
-0.
03 0
0.0 44*
14 103.6(
7.8)
109.8(
7.8)
3.
93 0
0.0 01*
65.3(
4.4)
69.3(
5.8)
3.
90 0
0.0 01*
15 107.1(
8.0)
110.5(
8.7)
2.
05 0
0.0 42*
66.5(
5.8)
68.9(
5.6)
-2.
10 0
0.0 37*
16 113.5(
8.2)
111.4(
9.1)
1.
03 0
0.3 10
69.7(
5.1)
69.5(
6.1)
0.
15 0
0.8 81
53 17 115.2(
8.7)
111.5(
7.7)
2.
04
0.0 43*
69.8(
5.9)
69.8(
5.8)
0.
02 0
0.9 81
18 114.1(
9.6)
113.5(
7.4)
0.
27 0
0.7 91
70.4(
6.2)
72.1(
6.3)
1.
61 0
0.2 49
19 114.6(
9.7)
110.8(
8.0)
1.
41 0
0.1 64
73.3(
6.3)
71.4(
4.3)
1.
21 0
0.2 28
To tal
108.1(
13.3)
109.5(
11.7)
-2.
05 4
0.0 40
67.8(
8.1)
68.7(
8.2)
-2.
07 7
0.0 38
*Statistically significant p values at 0.05 levels of significance
54
Figure 2. Blood pressure distribution in relation to age and sex.
SBP =Systolic blood pressure, DBP=Diastolic blood pressure
Blood pressure and stages of adolescence
Table IX displays mean blood pressure according to stages of adolescence. Girls had a higher mean SBP than boys from early adolescence (t=3.754, p=0.000) to middle adolescence (t=-3.025 p=0.003) and this was statistically significant. This dominance was also demonstrated in the DBP and was statistically significant in middle adolescence (t=-3.517, p<0.000). Adolescents from private schools had higher mean SBP (t=-2.22, p<0.027) and mean DBP (t=-4.61, p=0.000) than those from public schools and these differences were statistically significant.
Table IX. Mean blood pressure according to sex and stages of adolescence Mean BP
(mmHg)
Age (years)
Male SBP Female SBP Male DBP Female DBP
55 Stages
of adolesc
ents (years)
Mean(±SD) systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Mean(±SD) diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Male Female t p Male Fema
le
t p
Early (10-13)
100.0(9 .6)
104.0(1 1.8)
3.7 54
0.0 00*
64.8(
5.6)
65.3(
8.2)
0.5 99
0.5 50* Middle
(14-16)
107.5(1 2.9)
110.5(1 1.3)
-3.0
25
0.0 03*
67.0(
8.1)
69.4(
7.7)
-3.5
17
0.0 00
Late (17-19)
114.0(1 2.8)
112.1(1 1.1)
2.1 45
0.0 33
71.7(
8.5)
71.0(
8.3)
0.0 70
0.9 45 108.2(1
3.3)
109.2(1 1.7)
-2.0
54
0.0 40
67.8(
8.1)
68.7(
8.2)
-2.0
77
0.0 38
*Statistically significant p values at 0.05 level of significance, SD=Standard Deviation
Table X shows blood pressure pattern according to stages of adolescence.
Prehypertension and hypertension were more prevalent in late adolescence than early and middle adolescence (χ2=49.054, p=0.000) and (χ2=10.305, p=0.006), both of which were statistically significant.
Table X. The pattern of normal BP, Prehypertension and hypertension according to stages of adolescence
56 Blood
pressure pattern
Stages of adolescence Early
n(%)
Middle n(%)
Late n(%)
Total N(%)
χ2 p
Normal 290(84 .8)
428(72 .3)
275(66 .1)
993(73.
5)
42.9 79
0.00 0* prehypertens
ion
43(12.
6)
135(22 .8)
120(28 .8)
298(22.
1)
49.0 54
0.00 0* Hypertensio
n
9(2.6) 29(4.9) 21(5.1) 59(4.4) 10.3 05
0.00 6* 342(10
0)
592(10 0)
416(10 0)
1350(1 00)
35.0 93
0.00 0*
*Statistically significant p value at 0.05 level of significance
Relationship between blood pressure and the measured anthropometry
There was a positive correlation between SBP and DBP with age and the anthropometric variables of weight, height, waist circumference and BMI (Table XI). SBP showed a stronger correlation with the anthropometries than the DBP and was stronger for weight (r=0.51) and height (r=0.44). The waist circumference, though statistically significant, showed the weakest correlation.
Table XI. Correlation between blood pressure, age (yrs) and anthropometry
Parameters
Systolic Blood Pressure Diastolic Blood Pressure Correlation
coefficient
p Correlation coefficient
p
57
Age (yrs) 0.35 <0.000* 0.30 <0.000*
Height (m) 0.44 <0.000* 0.34 <0.000*
Weight (Kg) 0.51 <0.000* 0.38 <0.000*
WC (cm) 0.40 <0.000* 0.29 <0.000*
BMI (Kg/m2)
0.31 <0.000* 0.23 <0.000*
*Statistically significant p values at 0.05 level of significance, Wt=Weight, Ht=Height, WC=Waist circumference, BMI=Body Mass Index,
Blood pressure distribution and socio-economic classes
Table XII shows mean blood pressure according to socio-economic class of the subjects.
Lower social classes had higher mean SBP (t=1.650, p=2.850) and DBP (t=0.193, p=0.0.058) but these were not statistically significant.
Table XII. Mean Blood pressure in relation to socioeconomic classes
Blood pressur
e
Socioeconomic classes Upper (1 &
2) n=184
Middle (3) n=516
Lower (4 &
5) n=650
f(anova )
p
Mean (SD)
108.57(12.6 )
108.66(12.8 )
110.40(10.9 )
1.650 2.85
0
58 SBP
Mean (DBP)
68.20(8.3) 67.91(8.3) 69.57(7.6) 0.193 0.05
8
SEC= Socioeconomic class SBP=Systolic Blood Pressure DBP=Diastolic Blood Pressure SD=Standard Deviation
Table XIII shows blood pressure pattern in relation to socioeconomic classes of the subjects. The percentage of students with prehypertension was higher in the upper social class ((χ2=3.067, p=0.216), while the percentage of hypertension were higher in the lower socioeconomic classes (χ2=1.037, p=0.568), but these differences were not statistically significant.
Table XIII. Blood pressure pattern in relation to socioeconomic status Blood
pressure pattern
Socioeconomic classes Upper
(1 & 2) n(%)
Middle (3) n(%)
Lower (4 & 5)
n(%)
Total N(%)
χ2 p
Normal 127(69
)
383(74.
2)
483(74.
3)
993(73.
6)
4.17 6
0.12 4 Prehypertens
ion
52(28.
3)
108(20.
9)
138(21.
2)
298(22.
1)
3.06 7
0.21 6
Hypertension 5(2.7) 25(4.8) 29(4.5) 59(4.4) 1.03 0.56
59
7 8
184(10 0)
516(10 0)
650(10 0)
1350(10 0)
5.73 0
0.22 0
Prevalence of Hypertension and Prehypertension
Table XIV shows the prevalence of hypertension in the study population. The total number of students with hypertension was 59 giving an overall prevalence of 4.4%.
Thirty four students (2.5%) had systolic hypertension, sixteen (1.2%) had diastolic hypertension and nine students (0.7%) had both systolic and diastolic hypertension.
Systolic hypertension was more prevalent in the females and was more at the age of 16 years while diastolic hypertension was higher in males and this also occurred at 16 years.
Among those with hypertension, 27 and 16 subjects had stage 1 and 2 systolic hypertension respectively. With regard to diastolic hypertension, 24 and 1 subjects had stage 1 and 2 hypertension respectively. The gender difference in the prevalence of hypertension is not statistically significant (χ2=0.831, p=0.362).
The number of students with pre-hypertension was 298 giving an overall prevalence of 22.1%. Of this, 131 were males and 167 are females. This is illustrated in Table XIV.
Prehypertension is more prevalent in females than males and this was statistically significant (χ2=4.349, p=0.037).
60
Table XIV. Overall Blood pressure pattern and prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension of 1350 students in Jalingo
Blood pressure pattern
Males n=(%)
Females n=(%)
Total N(%)
χ2 p
Normal 471(75.0) 522(72.3) 993(73.5) 2.619 0.106
Prehypertension 131(20.9) 167(23.1) 298(22.1) 4.349 0.037*
Hypertension 26(4.1) 33(4.6) 59(4.4) 0.831 0.362
628(100) 722(100) 1350(100) 1.260 0.533
*statistically significant p value at 0.05 level of significance
61