3. Francisco Mosquera Sánchez, del liberalismo al maoismo
3.1 Columnista en Vanguardia Liberal
BEDROOM 3
character
istic
occupancy rate average occupancy average activity occupancy rate average occupancy average activity occupancy rate average occupancy average activity occupancy rate average occupancy average activity occupancy rate average occupancy average activity not at home
profile 1_st 10% 1.26 2.5 2% 1 3.25 33% 1 1 8% 1 2 - - - 53% 1_soc 17% 1.19 2.0 11% 1 3.30 34% 1 1 17% 1 2 - - - 6% 2_h 54% 1.35 2.0 14% 1 3.45 62% 1.39 1 54% 1 2 - - - 0% 2_w 18% 1.32 2.1 8% 1 3.25 39% 1.73 1 1% 1 2 - - - 41% 4_sc 30% 1.69 2.0 8% 1.55 3.70 40% 1.81 1 30% 1 1 46% 1 1 28% 4_sm 46% 1.70 2.4 15% 1.35 3.20 37% 1.77 1 43% 1 1 34% 1 1 16%
1_st 1 person household, student
1_soc 1 person household, social with much visit
2_h 2 person household, at least one with work from home or no job 2_w 2 person household, both with job
4_sc 4 person household, school going children 4_sm 4 person household, two children under the age of 5
* The household types are based on the household types reported in the Time Use Survey (NIWI, 2002) TABLE 2.4 Summary of occupancy characteristics of occupancy profiles to be used in the calculations
§ 2.4
Weather and thermal comfort
In this section, basic knowledge of climatic aspects is briefly described, because this is the most important factor of the energy balance of a building when it comes to the thermal environment. Furthermore, as became clear from the previous section the weather has an important influence on the perception of thermal comfort.
Nowadays in architecture and construction of most buildings, the climate is seen as a burden, which influence should be kept away from the indoor climate as much as possible, in order to condition the indoor environment as we wish. To do so, buildings are sometimes literally sealed off (as with airtight buildings with very high thermal insulation rates) from the outside world as a thermos flask. However, there are some influences that are wanted to enter the buildings, such as daylight, sunlight and fresh air which can negatively influence the indoor thermal environment causing an energy demand to restore thermal comfort. Therefore it is important to know the climate with its variations to be able to seize opportunities to do so.
The conventional design of a building for thermal comfort will take into account average weather conditions, occupants and (when making use of renewable resources) average yields and efficiency of conversion systems.
§ 2.4.1
Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET)
The experience and thermal energy exchange we have of the weather is not only determined by the ambient temperature. Solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity have an influence on the thermal heat balance of the human body and therefore on the perception of heat and cold. The same factors affect the thermal heat balance of a building. The weather factors that most influence the heat balance of the human body and therefore the thermal comfort are the following;
–
ambient temperature [°C]–
solar radiation [W/m2]–
wind speed [m/s]–
relative humidity [%]To be able to capture these parameters in one single index for outdoor comfort the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) developed by Höppe (1999) will be used in this thesis which is a universal index for the bio-meteorological assessment of the thermal environment and it regards all four elements mentioned above. The definition of PET given by Höppe is:
‘PET is defined as the physiological equivalent temperature at any given place (outdoors or indoors) and is equivalent to the air temperature at which, in a typical indoor setting,
the heat balance of the human body (work metabolism 80 W of light activity, added to basic metabolism; heat resistance of clothing 0.9 clo) is maintained with core and skin temperatures equal to those under the conditions being assessed.
The following assumptions are made for the indoor reference climate:
–
Mean radiant temperature equals air temperature (Tmrt=Ta)–
Air velocity is set to 0.1 m/s–
Water vapour pressure is set to 12 hPa (approximately equivalent to a relative humidity of 50% at Ta=20°C)The procedure for calculating PET consists of the following steps;
–
Calculation of the thermal conditions of the body with MEMI for a given combination of meteorological parameters.–
Insertion of the calculated values for mean skin temperature and core temperature into the model MEMI (Munich energy balance model for individuals) and solving the equation system (Eqs. 1 and 3) for air temperature Ta (with v=0.1 m/s, VP=12 hPa and Tmrt=Ta)–
The resulting air temperature is equivalent to PET’§ 2.4.2
The Dutch situation
The Netherlands is a small country with little height differences and bordering the North Sea, it has a maritime climate, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. In the Netherlands, the KNMI keeps records of all weather data from the early 20th century (KNMI, 2012). Table 2.5 shows the long term averages of the Dutch climate. The weather is very variable and rainfall occurs frequently throughout the year, although only half of the days a form of precipitation occurs, often alternating with dry periods. However, approximately 92% of the weighted hours per year there is no precipitation; nevertheless, if climate change progresses precipitation may increase significantly. The mean temperature is 2°C in January and 17°C in July, with an annual average of about 10°C. Due to the high relative humidity (with averages 75-85% in spring to 85- 90% in winter) clouds generally appear every day, and in the winter months fog often abounds. From the long term averages for summer days (26 summer days annually and 4 tropical days annually) it can be concluded that if designed for energy conservation, besides the energy conservation needed in winter the possibility to discard heat in summer (and fall and spring) should not be forgotten. Furthermore, especially in winter as much daylight as possible may be allowed in.