Access to the wide area Ethernet service can be achieved at 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 1 Gbps. A dual access is also available for highly reliable services. Under normal operating conditions, packets are discarded if they are forwarded to the backup access line. When the primary access line fails, network control switches the access to the backup. The UNI protocol stack for Ethernet over NGN is shown in Table 4.6.
This service also provides in-service monitoring and alerting as an option, by using Ethernet OAM (operation, administration and maintenance) [19]. Alerting information is notifi ed to users by using e-mail. Monitored objects for alerting are shown in Table 4.7.
As an option, Ethernet over NGN can support QoS control, by prioritizing pack- ets by assigning a ToS (Type of Service), a CoS (Class of Service), or a VID (Virtual
TABLE 4.4
UNI Protocol Stack for NGN VPN Service
Layer Protocol
Application RADIUS: RFC2865
Presentation RADIUS Accounting: RFC2866
Session Transport
Network IPv4: RFC791 ICMPv4: RFC79
Data link ARP: RFC826 MAC: IEEE 802.3-2005 MAC
Physical 100BASE-TX
RADIUS, Remote Authentication Dial In User Service; ARP: Address Resolution Protocol.
TABLE 4.5
UNI Protocol Stack for NGN Telephony
Layer Session Control Media Control Others
Application SIP SDP RTP RTCP G.722 (voice) H.264(video) HTTP Presentation Session
Transport UDP UDP/TCP
Network IPv4/ICMPv4 IPv6/ICMPv6
Data Link ARP
IEE802.3-2005 MAC Physical 100Base-TX/10BaseTx
ARP, Address Resolution Protocol; HTTP, HyperText Transfer Protocol; RTCP, RTP Control Protocol; RTP, Real-Time Transport Protocol SDP, Session Description Protocol; SIP, Session Initiation Protocol.
LAN Identifi er). ToS is defi ned as in IPv4. CoS is a 3-bit code in the Priority Code Point of VLAN tag defi ned in IEEE802.2p. VID is 12-bit VLAN identifi er in the VLAN tag defi ned in IEEE802.1Q. In this case, terminals subscribing to this service should be able to manage assigning priority.
CONCLUSIONS
NGN is expected to be a service and application platform for any type of communica- tions and information delivery including ubiquitous communications. Europe, North America, and Asian regions should collaborate in establishing unique and single global standards to cope with the very demanding, rapidly growing, and changing envi- ronments. It is the challenge for players including traditional common carriers, new, but not new now, common carriers, and new players such as application providers. Unique and single global standards of NGN are essential for the success of NGN.
TABLE 4.6
UNI Protocol Stack for NGN Ethernet
Layer Protocol Application Presentation Session Transport Network
Data link IEE802.3-2005 MAC
Physical IEEE 802.3-2005 10BASE-TX, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX
TABLE 4.7
NGN Ethernet Managed Objects
Exchange Type Monitoring Function Managed Information Ping command Ping monitoring Reply to ICMP echo
SNMP message Interface monitoring Polling Change in link status
Trap Change in object maintenance entity Interface
performance
Statistics Numbers of total sending and receiving packets/numbers of errored packets/ numbers of discarded packets/traffi c volume/number of unicast packets/ number of nonunicast packets Server performance Statistics CPU usage. memory usage/HDD usage Status codes Service monitoring Response time Response to HTTP/HTTPS/FTP/DNS/
IMAP4/POP3
Service response Response Response to HTTP/HTTPS/FTP/DNS/ IMAP4/POP3
REFERENCES
1. Saltzer, J. H., Reed, D. P., and. Clark, D. D., End-to-end arguments in system design,
ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 2(4), 277–288, 1984.
2. Asatani, K., Introduction to Information Networks—Fundamentals of Telecom & Internet Convergence, QoS, VoIP and NGN, Ch.12, Corona Publishing Co., Tokyo, 2007
(in Japanese).
3. Asatani, K., Introduction to Information Networks—Fundamentals of Telecom & Internet Convergence, QoS, VoIP and NGN, Ch.1, Corona Publishing Co., Tokyo, 2007
(in Japanese).
4. ITU-T Recommendation Y.2012, Functional Requirements and Architecture of the NGN Release 1, Geneva, September 2006, available at http://www.itu.int/publications. 5. ITU-T Recommendation.Y.2401/M.3060, Principles for the Management of the Next
Generation Networks, Geneva, March 2006, available at http://www.itu.int/publications. 6. ITU-T Recommendation Y.2011, General Principles and General Reference Model
for Next Generation Network, Geneva, October 2004, available at http://www.itu.int/ publications.
7. Camarillo, G. and García-Martín, M.-A., The 3G IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS):
Merging the Internet and the Cellular Worlds, 2nd edn., Ch. 3, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 2006.
8. ITU-T Recommendation Y.2021, IMS for Next Generation Networks, September 2006, available at http://www.itu.int/publications
9. Mahmoud, Q. H., Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Web Services: The Road to Enterprise Application Integration (EAI), April 2005, available at http://java.sun.com/ developer/technicalArticles/WebServices/soa, last accessed June 29, 2009.
10. NTT EAST, Interface for IP network service (data communications) on Next Generation Network v.1, NTT EAST Technical reference, 2007 (in Japanese), available at www. ntt-east.co.jp/tekigou/shiryou/index.html.
11. NTT EAST, Interface for IP network service (voice communications) on Next Generation Network v.1, NTT EAST Technical reference, 2007 (in Japanese), available at www. ntt-east.co.jp/tekigou/shiryou/index.html.
12. NTT EAST, Interface for IP network service (LAN type communications) on Next Generation Network v.1, NTT EAST Technical reference, 2007 (in Japanese), available at www.ntt-east.co.jp/tekigou/shiryou/index.html.
13. ITU-T Recommendation H.323, Packet-based multimedia communications systems, June 2006, available at http://www.itu.int/publications.
14. ITU-T Recommendations H.248.1, Gateway control protocol, Version 3, September 2005, available at http://www.itu.int/publications.
15. IETF RFC3525, Gateway control protocol Version 1, June 2003, avilable at http://www. ictf.org/rfc/rfc3525.txt.
16. Sinnreich, H. and Johnston, A. B., Internet Communications Using SIP: Delivering
VoIP and Multimedia Services with Session Initiation Protocol, 2nd edn., Ch. 11, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 2006.
17. ITU-T Recommendation G.722, 7 kHz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s, November 1988, available at http://www.itu.int/publications.
18. ITU-T Recommendation H.264, Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual ser- vices, November 2007, available at http://www.itu.int/publications.
19. ITU-T Recommendation Y.1731, OAM functions and mechanisms for Ethernet based networks, February 2008, available at http://www.itu.int/publications.
115