Pa c e s 9 8 - 9 9
authorised if you are authorised to do something, you have the official right or power to do it. You can also say th at som ething is authorised if someone has given permission for it to happen. The verb is authorise. The noun is authorisation:
I’m not - to make that decision / the payment hasn't been - / he - me to sign the cheque / no leave can be taken without authorisation
cash flow cash flow is the rate at which a person or business earns money and spends it: I’ve got ~
problems / measures to improve - / an increase in -
commission commission is an extra am ount of money th at you pay to an organisation when you use a service th at it provides: there’s 2% ~ on all transactions I they charge 5 % - 1 had to pay £25 in - /
a fixed -
credit rating a credit rating is financial information about someone that banks and other organisations use when they are deciding w hether to lend money to the person: have a bad - la good - /
how to check your - / making late payments can damage your -
exceed to exceed a number or am ount means to be higher than it: -your overdraft lim it I charged with -ing the speed lim it / profits -ed £20 m illion
laundering money laundering is putting money from crim e into legal business accounts in order to hide the fact th at is has been earned illegally.The verb is launder: accused o f money - / different ways o f - the proceeds o f crime / they used the business to launder the drugs money
mix-up a mix-up is a mistake which causes confusion. The verb is mix up: I'm afraid there's been a - 1 our bags got lost due to a - a t the airport la - over dates la - between different departments I the two parcels got mixed up
proof proof is evidence th at shows th at som ething is true or real.The verb is prove: we need - o f your address I - o f identity / there was no real
- o f his involvement / the documents provided prove that he knew about the deal I it was impossible to prove that he was the murderer I determined to prove her innocence / in the end I was proved right
record a record is inform ation about som ething that is w ritten down and kept. Record is also a verb:
according to our -s,your account is overdrawn / the company's financial -s / his medical -s / keep a - o f everything you spend / I'll have to check my -s
/ we've got detailed -s going back 20years/ 1 -ed the day and time o f the accident
strengthen to strengthen som ething means to make it stronger: - the currency / measures to - the economy / - the bridge I exercises to - his muscles /
the defeat only served to - my resolve
-EN
Som e verbs are formed by adding -en to adjectives. Notice there are sometimes
differences between the verbs and th e adjectives. For example: a strong economy / strengthen the economy.
a weak currency I weaken your im m une system; a
wide range of products / widen the roads; a long
story I lengthen my stay; a short trip / shorten a skirt; tight trousers / tighten the law
transaction a transaction is a business deal in w hich someone buys or sells som ething, or uses a service: there's 2% commission on a ll -s
/ a financial - / business - s i a cash - (in which someone pays using cash)
trial a trial is a process o f testing som ething to find out w hether it works well. Trial is also a verb:
a three-month - period I the new drug is still undergoing -s / we're using it on a - basis / they're having a - separation (being apart fo r a while, to fin d out if they want to get divorced) / the new
treatm ent w ill be trialled next year
w ithdraw to w ithdraw money from a bank means to take it out.The noun is w ithdraw al: I need to - some money from my account 11 withdrew £50 cash I you’re charged every tim e you make a -al at the cash machine / make a -al o f £100
w rite off to w rite off a debt means to accept th at a person does not have to pay it back: - a debt /
calling fo r western governments to - third world debts / the bank has written o ff m illions o f dollars in unpaid mortgages
P a g e s 1 0 0 - 1 0 1
branch a branch is a part o f a tree th at grows out from the trunk: a bird can only sit on one - / the topmost - o f the tree (the highest one) / we cut off some o f the overhanging -es / a dead - had blown o ff the tree
chuckle to chuckle means to laugh quietly. Chuckle is also a noun: the old man -d / she -d softly / he was still chuckling about it / 1 ~d to m yself / we had a little - about it
cling to cling to som ething means to hold it tightly. The past tense and past participle are dung: he was -ing on to the enormous rope / 1 clung to the edge o f my seat / he clung on to my hand/ 1 clung tightly to the papers / we clung together
courtyard a courtyard is a square area th at is surrounded by buildings: they left the bundle o f wood in the - / the main - o f the castle/ a door opening out on to a central -
crammed if som ething is crammed w ith things, it is full o f them .The verb is cram: the bag was - with precious things / the place was - with tourists / bags -fu ll o f food / 1 crammed all the clothes into my suitcase
descend to descend means to go or come down. The noun is descent: an enormous rope -edfrom the s ly / the plane began to -/ 1 -ed the stairs / a path which ~s steeply into the valley below / their descent o f the mountain / the plane began its descent
dignity dignity is the ability to behave in a calm and controlled w ay even when you are in a very difficult situation.The adjective is dignified: wants to preserve his - / they behaved with great - / she faced her illness with enormous - / 1 managed to
m aintain my - / an illness that robs you o f your - / 1 m aintained a dignified silence / managed to remain dignified
dissuade to dissuade someone means to persuade them not to do som ething. The noun is dissuasion:
she couldn't - her husband / 1 tried to - him from leaving / a campaign to -young people from binge drinking / using dissuasion rather than outright bans
flo w to flo w means to move along sm oothly and continuously. Flow is also a noun: the water that ~s in the river / where the River Thames -s Into the sea / the traffic was -ing quite well / investment continued to - into the country / a steady flo w o f refugees into the area / a constant - o f goods into the country
frugal if you are frugal,you spend very little money and only buy things that are really necessary.The adverb is frugally. The noun is frugality: lead a - life / their - existence / we need to be a bit more - /
we spent our money -ly / the benefits o f- ity
glisten to glisten means to shine brightly.The adjective is glistening: the golden walls were -ing
in the sunlight / his face was -ing with sweat / the -ing dome o f the mosque
go on if som ething goes on, it happens: something strange was going on/ 1 wonder what's going on /
there's always plenty going on in the town / do you think anything went on between them?
inch an inch is a m easurem ent o f length, equal to about 2.54 centim etres. To inch forward means to move forward very slowly: h alf an - o f rain / a narrow ledge only about eight -es wide / a six- ruler / we were only -es aw ay from hitting the lorry I every - o f the w all was covered in posters and postcards / the queue -ed forw ard
lump a lump is a piece o f something: a - o f silver rolled out / a - o f coal / a solid - o f concrete / a big - o f cheese / a huge - o f clay / go to the doctor if you fin d a - ( a hard part under your skin, caused by
an illness)
mansion a mansion is a very big house: why don't we build a big-?/ a luxurious country - / they live in an old Victorian -
march a march is a w alk in which people walk together at the sam e speed, like soldiers. March is also a verb: a long - starts from the very first step / we set o ff on a long - la protest - 1 we -edfor ten hours a day / we -ed south / protesters -ed to the Houses o f Parliam ent
peer to peer means to look very carefully: -ing out, he saw an old man/ -ing through the window / she was -ing intently at the prices
penniless if you are penniless,you are extrem ely poor:
we're -/h e died - / the holiday's left me -
reluctantly if you do som ething reluctantly, you do it even though you do not really w an t to.The adjective is reluctant.The noun is reluctance: the woodcutter - agreed / he came with us, rather - / I was a bit reluctant to talk about it / she seemed reluctant to take the job / 1 fe lt reluctant to ask fo r more money / / couldn't understand his reluctance to go on the trip
rope a rope is a long piece of very thick m aterial, made by tw isting a lot o f threads together. You use it for tying or pulling things. Rope is also a verb:
an enormous - descended from the sky / tied them together with - /fixed a - t o the car and towed it aw ay / the cases were -d to the roof o f the bus
stable a stable is a building where horses are kept. Stable is also a verb: an ambitious horse w ill never return to its old - / leave the horses in the - / her pony’s -d (kept in a stable) at a nearby farm
stern if someone is stern, they are very serious and slightly angry.The adverb is sternly.The noun is sternness: the old man's face became - / she gave me a - look / speaking in a - voice / a - warning / he looked at me -ly / there was a -ness in his voice that I hadn’t heard before
string a string on a m usical instrum ent is a long thread o f w ire or nylon which you use to make
sounds. You can call an instrum ent w ith strings a stringed instrum ent: one - makes no music / the —s on my violin / buy some new guitar -s
thatched cottage a thatched cottage is a sm all house w ith a roof made o f straw or reeds. A roof made o f this m aterial is a thatch: she proposed building a - 1 live in a - / a beautiful little - / the thatch caughtfire
usher to usher someone som ewhere means to lead them there politely. A person w ho does this as a job is an usher: he was -ed into a magnificent palace / she -ed me to my seat / the waiter ~ed us to our table / he -ed us into the kitchen / one o f the -s took us to our table
Pa c e s 1 0 2 - 1 0 3
bet to bet means to risk money on the result of something. You can also say that you bet something is true w hen you feel fairly certain th at it is true. Bet is also a noun: he - £50 on a horse I tempted to - on the result o f the election / 1- it was a nice to have a break / I've got a - o n the result o f the fin a l I the US are a good - to win (very likely to win) /
my - is that they’ll offer him the job (Ife e l certain about this)
gamble to gam ble means to risk money in the hope of winning more money. To gam ble also means to do som ething that has risks and w ill only be successful if certain things happen. Gam ble is also a noun. Someone who risks money regularly is a gambler: I don’t - at casinos I people are gambling with their lives / we were gambling that he’d be back in tim e/ 1 knew it was a bit o f a - / calling an early election was a huge political - / his - paid off (was successful) / a support group fo r compulsive ~rs
jackpot the jackpot is a very large am ount o f money th at someone w ins in a game or lottery. You can say th at someone has hit the jackpot when they are suddenly very lucky or successful: the - is 30 m illion euros / hoping that I’d win the - 1 he hit the - when he got that job/ 1 seem to have hit the -I
lottery a lottery is a gam e in which people buy tickets w ith numbers on, and if th eir numbers are chosen, they w in money. You can also say that a situation is a lottery if it depends com pletely on chance or luck: I won £10 on the -/ 1 do the - every week / the national - l a - ticket / finding a decent restaurant is a bit o f a - I healthcare provision is a -
odds the odds are the numbers that show how much money you w ill w in if a bet wins. The odds of something happening are how likely it is to happen: he’s the favourite to win, at - o f 2 t o l l the bookmakers are offering - of3 to Io n a Conservative victory / what are the - o f finding the wreckage? I the - are in our favour (we are likely to be successful)
/ the - are against us / she recovered against all the -
stake a stake is an am ount o f money th at you risk when you make a bet.The stakes are things you risk losing if som ething fails. You can say that som ething is at stake if you risk losing it: we play with very sm all - s i a £10 - / the company is taking a risk, and the -s are high (they risk losing a lot) /
the chairm an has raised the -s by threatening to resign / there’s a lot at - in this election
anti-social someone who is antisocial does not enjoy m eeting other people or taking part in social events. Anti-social behaviour shows th at you are not thinking about the feelings or needs of other people: I don’t think there’s anything - in that / don’t be so - I I it’s a bit - not to go / graffiti, vandalism and other types o f- behaviour
catch a catch is a difficulty or problem that is not very obvious: there’s ju st one - / it sounds brilliant - so w hat’s the -?/ there must b ea-
com pulsive if som ething is com pulsive,you cannot stop yourself from doing it. The adverb is
com pulsively.The noun is compulsion: ~ gambling is not something we should approve o f I he’s a - liar / her - need to be in control I he gambles compulsively / her compulsion to overeat/ 1 fe lt a compulsion to tell the truth
counter argum ent a counter argum ent is a set of reasons and ideas th at you use to oppose another set o f reasons and ideas th at someone has put forward: what -s do you think she w ill give? 11 couldn’t think o f a good -
downplay to downplay som ething means to make it seem less bad or serious than it really is: the marketing o f lotteries -s the odds against winning /
trying to - the problem
m ortgage a m ortgage is money that you borrow from a bank in order to buy a house.To mortgage a house means to borrow money from a bank and promise to give your house to the bank if you cannot pay the money back: there was no money left to pay the-1 a £200,000 - 1young couples with big -s I we took out a - last year I when we eventually pay o ff the - / the m onthly - payments /
they -d their house to finance the business
paycheck a paycheck (Am erican) or pay cheque (British) is a cheque th at an em ployer gives to an employee for work they have done: I sometimes gambled aw ay my whole - 1 my weekly - 11 got a nice big pay cheque at the end o f the month
rem ote a remote chance or possibility is one th at is very unlikely to happen. The adverb is rem otely:
you only have a very - chance o f winning/ 1 suppose it’s a - possibility / it doesn't sound even remotely likely
schooling your schooling is your education. The verb is school: debating should be part o f everyone’s - /
ten years o f compulsory - 1 he had no form a I -/ 1 was schooled in Manchester / w ell schooled in the art o f conversation
EXERCISES
Pr e p o sit io n s
A Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1 I deposited the m oney... my business accounts. 2 I w ithdrew some m oney....my savings account. 3 The ATM charges com m ission....all transactions. 4 She bet £50....a horse.
5 I don't know nothing....th at business deal. 6 You need proof....identity to open a bank
account.
7 Keep a record... everything you spend. Wo r d f a m ilies
A Complete the expressions with the correct form of the word in bold.
1 no proper authorisation 2 prove a point
3 lead a frugal life 4 a sternness in her voice 5 a reluctant decision 6 w ithdraw some money
he is ... to make decision ... ... ...of address a policy of expression I agreed make a
В Complete the sentences with the correct words from the words in brackets.
1 Crim inals have different ways o f ... money, (launder)
2 I co uld n 't... . him from going ahead.
(dissuasion) *
3 That plan is not even ... ... practical. (rem ote)
4 It w as a ve ry... funeral, (dignity) 5 The plane has already started ...
(descent)
6 He talks alm o st... ... about his investm ents, (compulsive)
Wo r d b u il d in g________________________ A Complete the sentences with verbs formed
from the adjectives.
short weak long wide tig ht strong 1 Falling exports a re ... the economy. 2 New drugs c a n ...the lives o f cancer
patients.
3 China is ... control over its steel industry.
4 The tw o countries are trying t o ... relations.
5 A faster train service w ill... com m uting tim e.
6 The gap between rich and poor continues to
Co llo ca tio n s
A Complete the collocations with the verbs in the list. Look up the verbs if you need help.
check raise rob win
have cling strengthen 1 your resolve to succeed 2 ...th e stakes in a business deal 3 ,.,«„..1... th e jackpot in th e lottery 4 cash flow problems 5 ... your credit rating
6 . someone o fth e ir dignity 7 to the edge of your seat В Complete the collocations with nouns and
adjectives from the unit. 1 a s _________ d instrum ent 2 m aintain your d _______ у 3 t ____ d world debt 4 a trial p ______ d 5 your m ____I record 6 a с_________ ___e liar 7 f .______I schooling
С Match the two halves of the collocation. 1 proof o f a) back
2 on a trial b) drinking 3 pay something c) address 4 binge d) the odds 5 against all e) basis 6 anti-social f) behaviour Ph r a sa lv e r b s
A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb.
1 They mixed out / up our bags at the baggage control.
2 W e’ll have to w rite that debt o ff / down.
3 The door opens away / out on to a beautiful patio. 4 W hat's going on / up in your life these days? 5 W efin ally paid out / off our mortgage last month. 6 I took in / out a bank loan to pay for my car.
15
FOOD
Pa g e s 1 0 4 - 1 0 5
blend to blend things means to mix them together. A blend is a mixture of different things: - the mixture until it’s smooth / ~ the butter and sugar together I they can - the colours fo r you I the different instruments - together really w ell / a delicious - o f flavours / the perfect - o f sun, sea and sand
crush to crush som ething means to press it very hard so th at it becomes flat or breaks into small pieces: ~ the almonds / add some -ed garlic / his leg was -ed / he was -ed to death /your car w ill be taken aw ay and -ed
flesh flesh is the part o f an anim al th at you can eat as meat. The flesh o f a fru it is the soft part that you can eat. A person's flesh is th eir skin: the -
should come aw ay from the bones / a sm all rabbit with not much - on it / cut the avocado in h a lf and scoop out the - 1 th e- on her cheek was soft and smooth / only a - wound (only affecting the skin)
lid a lid is a cover for a container: put a - o n the pan
/ keep the - on while the potatoes are cooking/ 1 lifted the - la tight-fitting - la saucepan - 1 the dustbin -
peel to peel fru it or vegetables means to take the skin off. The peel o f a fruit or vegetable is its skin. The peelings o f a vegetable are the bits o f peel