Aplicaci´ on a Solar Orbiter PHI O-Unit
5.3. Ajuste del modelo
5.3.5. Comparaci´ on con otros m´ etodos
1.0 GENERAL
Supply, installation, testing and commissioning of Un-interruptible power Supply systems of capacities as shown on the related drawings. The system shall operate in conjunction with the building electrical system and the generator to provide high quality power for critical equipment loads such as computer servers and related equipment, power outlets feeding main controllers of BMS, security system, Fire alarm system etc. for a period of 30 minutes until the generator power is available. This will hereafter be referred to as the “UPS”, and shall provide continuous, regulated AC power to the loads under normal and abnormal conditions, including loss of the utility AC power. The UPS shall be completely solid-state except for maintenance bypass switches which may be mechanical.
All UPS shall have interface cards to have the following and shall be complete with system software:
1) Required input and output dry contacts for reporting alarm and status.
2) RS232 port for serial communication for advanced remote monitoring and control through computer network.
3) Communication port with appropriate protocol for connection to BMS system.
All UPS systems shall be based on latest IGBT (insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) technology with PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).
Rectifier configuration shall be such that THDI (Total Harmonic Distortion Current) at upstream shall be minimum.
The following shall be furnished along with the equipment:
Factory testing.
Documentation.
The UPS shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
The equipment proposed must be in conformity with the following directives and standards – Directives
EC 62040-2 EN 61000-2-2, EN 61000-3-2, EN 61000-3-3, EN 61000-4-1, EN 61000-4-2, EN 61000-4-4, EN 61000-4-5, EN 61000-4-11, CISPR 16-1.
- Battery EC 896-2, Eurobat.
- Marking CE, TUV/GS
- Design Production Logistics & Service ISO 9001 - Applicable local laws and regulations
The UPS system shall be capable of withstanding any combination of the following environment conditions in which it must operate, without mechanical or electrical damage or degradation of operating characteristics:
a) Ambient temperature: 0 to 40 degrees C b) Relative Humidity: Up to 95% (non-condensing)
c) Interference: The UPS equipment shall be provided with EMI/RFI suppression following EN-50091-2.
Audible Noise: Noise generated by the UPS system under any condition of normal operation shall not exceed an allowable sound pressure level of 55-70 dB(A) measured at 1 metre depending on the rating of the UPS.
2.0 UPS
Objectives: To supply, install, test and commission the Uninterruptible Power Supply system as per the technical specifications laid down in this document.
Ratings : As per schematic Quantity : As per schematic
Power factor : 0.9 (output) or higher KVA UPS if PF is 0.8.
The Uninterruptible Power Supply system specified herein should comply to each of the following mandatory points keeping in view the very latest in UPS technology to provide the best possible Power protection and most importantly offer Maximum Energy Saving:
- UPS should be based on latest technology for Modulation for higher accuracy and the best overall efficiency of 92% minimum.
- True On Line Double Conversion and Voltage Frequency Independent (VFI).
- PS. Input Total Harmonic Distortion of Current THDI <5% using Active Filter (DCU).
- Superior Battery Management for measurement of True Backup Time.
- Back Feed Protection Devices on the Static Bypass and Inverter to prevent Power feed back to the upstream devices.
- Digital Signal Processing for optimised inverter switching and fast and precise control.
- IEM MODE (Intelligent Energy Management) for Parallel Redundant Systems. Refer Section 10.0.
- Redundant Parallel Architecture and Paralleling Capability of up to 8 UPS systems.
- The UPS manufacturer must be an ISO 9001 / EN 29001 certified organisation with minimum 30 years experience in the design, manufacture, servicing and testing of UPS Systems.
- TUV/CE Certification.
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
Active Filter (DCU) for 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonics to reduce reflected current harmonics THDI to a value of less than 7% and to improve input power factor to 0.98 at full load. The filter must never present a capacitive load to the mains. The DCU should operate on all UPS systems from 40kVA till 500kVA.
This arrangement consists of a 6-pulse rectifier with the Active Filter (DCU) connected at the input of the UPS in parallel. The Active Filter (DCU) will be mounted in an additional matching cabinet.
Each UPS system shall consist of the following major components:
• One rectifier/charger
• One static inverter
• One no-break static transfer switch
• One maintenance by-pass switch
• One battery bank
• One main control and alarm panel complete with mimic diagram and LCD display
OPERATION
The UPS system shall operate in any of the following modes:
- On-line Mode - During normal operation, the UPS system shall be used to provide precise regulated and transient-free power to the computer equipment loads. The mains supply provides power to the rectifier / charger.
The rectifier / charger shall provide regulated DC power to support the inverter and simultaneously maintain the battery in a fully charged condition.
The inverter shall convert the DC power into regulated AC power for the load.
- Battery Mode - Upon failure of the mains supply, input power for the inverter shall automatically be supplied from the directly connected battery. When the mains is restored or the standby generator set supply is ready, input power for the inverter and for recharging the battery shall automatically be supplied from the rectifier/charger.
If the input does not return, the UPS shall automatically shut itself down in an orderly manner when the discharge limit of the battery is reached.
- By-pass Mode - Upon the failure of static inverter, the no-break static transfer switch shall be activated automatically to isolate the faulty inverter and at
- Manual By-pass Mode - If the UPS system needs to be isolated for testing or removed from service for maintenance, the maintenance by-pass shall transfer the loads from inverter to the mains without interruption and vice versa.
- Power Conditioner Mode - If the battery only must be taken out of service for maintenance, it will be disconnected from the rectifier/charger and inverter by means of a circuit breaker. The UPS shall continue to function and meet all the performance criteria specified herein except for the protection time requirement.
- Intelligent Energy Management (IEM) mode - In order to increase efficiency a single UPS shall operate in IEM mode supplying the load through the static by-pass line within specified tolerances (customisable). This transfer shall be manual, automatic (load dependent) and programmable. In case of by-pass out of set tolerance, the UPS shall transfer the load interruption free to inverter line.
RECTIFIER
- General - The rectifier/charger must consist of a 12-pulse fully controller Thyristor bridge, which converts the 3-phase utility voltage into a controlled and regulated DC voltage, in order to supply power to the inverter, and to simultaneously charge the battery.
- Capacity - The rectifier/charger shall have sufficient capacity to support a fully loaded inverter and at the same time maintain the battery in a fully charged condition. If the battery is fully discharged, the rectifier/charger shall recharge the battery to 95% of its fully charged condition within twelve (12) hours and at the same time supplying full load current to the system.
- Walk-in - The rectifier/charger must contain a timed walk-in circuit to limit the inrush current. The allowable initial inrush surge and the walk-in time should be adjustable and not exceed 30 sec.
- Sequential power walk-in - a sequential walk-in of every single rectifier/charger shall be automatically executed in case of the start up of a parallel system in order to limit the inrush current to the value of one single system.
- Current and Voltage Limit - The rectifier/charger output current and voltage shall be limited to the battery supplier's recommendation.
Rectifier charger Technical Characteristics
Input Power
- Voltage = 400/230V
- Voltage tolerance =(+15%)
- Frequency = 50 Hz + 10%
- Power Factor > 0.8 lagging
BATTERY
- The battery banks must be stationary and of the following type: Absorbed Glass Mat type, Sealed Lead Acid totally maintenance free with a minimum design life of12 years at 25°C.
- The batteries shall fully comply with BS 6290 part – 4, IEC 896-2 and DIN 43534.
The proposed batteries shall have the following features:
• Low self discharge
• Multiposition usage
• Spill proof and leak proof
• Completely maintenance free, sealed construction.
• Increased durability and deep cycle ability for heavy demand application.
• Value regulated Max internal pressure 2.5 psi.
• FAA and IATA approved as non-hazardous.
- End Cell Voltage should be limited to a maximum of 1.65VDC and not any value below this to safeguard the life of the battery. The Charge voltage should be set for 2.27-2.30VPC at 25°C cycling.
- The 99% of the gas generated during normal operation shall be internally recombined. The pole caps shall be Neoprene to prevent accidents. All battery interconnectors must be solid or laminated tinned copper bars.
- The ampere-hour rating of the battery shall be sufficient to support the inverter for the protection time of 15 minutes with the inverter operating at full rated load at power factor 1.0 for 10-40kVA and 0.9 for 60 kVA - 500kVA.
- Specified Battery Manufacturers:
- Bolted Construction, with double door, central supporting column, removable side and top cover and open bottom. The cabinet must have a piped frame with four removable battery shelves and screw on panels at top, side and rear. Battery fused isolator must be located inside the cabinet with auxiliary contact to indicate isolator close or open. The battery shall be mounted in a cabinet matching the UPS Colour and supplied by the same UPS Manufacturer.
- The UPS system must be provided with a manual and automatic battery test (pre-selectable by day of the week, time of day, date of the month). The test operates by slowly initiating a linear decrease of the rectifier output voltage.
If a battery fault is detected, the rectifier voltage will return to nominal avoiding transferring the critical load on by-pass. Automatic battery test by simply shutting down the rectifier is not permitted.
INVERTER
- General - Power transistors of the IGBT type must accomplish the conversion of DC to AC. The technology should strictly be based on Latest IGBT MODULATION Techniques.
- Failure of any components or power stage shall not interrupt the AC output instead it shall disconnect itself from the configuration while transferring the load to the static transfer switch and then activate an alarm.
- IGBT MODULATION TECHNOLOGY
The Modulation of the IGBT’s shall be of latest technology and shall incorporate Maximum modulation at 415 V AC Output. The Output Transformer shall be designed for 415VAC. The Number of battery cells in the
DC link shall therefore remain constant for all ranges of Output Voltages as mentioned below –
Output Voltage No. of Battery cells No. of Batteries
400V 192 32*
415V 192 32*
*Note: Exact no of batteries shall be as per manufactrurers standard.
- Superior Battery Management (SBM) - This feature should be built into the UPS as standard and should facilitate the following –
• Measurement of true backup time.
• Temperature Voltage compensation.
• Programmable battery tests.
• Increase in battery life.
- The waveform shall be fed through a filter circuit and protected by fast fuses.
The inverter shall be able to handle short-circuit conditions without any damage.
- Frequency Control - The output frequency of the inverter shall be controlled by an oscillator, which can be operated as a free running unit or in synchronised operation with a separate AC source or the future redundant inverter.
If the external synchronising source deviates from the pre-set frequency by + 1% or 4% (selectable), the oscillator shall automatically revert to free running, and the microprocessor controlled accuracy shall be + 0.01%.
- Capacitor Discharge - Output filter capacitors shall be provided with a quick discharging circuit, which shall automatically discharge the capacitors to safe value within a short time after the shutting down of the inverter.
- Inverter Technical details:
- STATIC 100% LOAD = +/- 1%
- By mains recovery = +/- 1%
f. Recovery Time = 20 m sec. to + 1%
g. Inverter Overload Capability = 125% for 10 min.
= 150% for 1 min.
(30 sec for 400-500kVA)
h. Crest Factor > 3:1 (according to
EN-50091)
i. Fuse Clearance capability = 20% In within 5-10ms.
STATIC BYPASS
- The electronic by-pass shall consist of a static SCR / Thyristor-switch, used to provide an uninterruptible transfer of the load to the utility in case of remarkable variation of the output voltage. The electronic by-pass shall be equipped with two contactors in series, which provide to supply the load from utility or inverter.
- The electronic by-pass switch must have continuous 150% overload rating capacity. In addition the static transfer switch shall support 200% overload for 5 minutes and 1000% overload for 10 milliseconds (non repetitive).
- Back feed protection - The electronic by-pass switch shall consist of a pair of microprocessor controlled Thyristors and a contactor in series avoiding a back feed energy into the mains (back feed).
- The electronic by-pass switch shall be able to be activated manually by a switch/push button to affect the transfer. The switching time from inverter to reserve and vice-versa shall be of No-Break when synchronised.
- Automatic retransfer delay time back to inverter from by-pass after a transfer from inverter to by-pass shall be 10 seconds.
- The number of automatic transfer/re-transfer from by-pass to inverter when the status of the inverter logic signals an alarm conditions, shall be selectable.
MAINTENANCE BYPASS
- On each UPS the maintenance by-pass shall be based on a pair of manually operated circuit breakers which allow the electrical isolation of the UPS from the load, while still supplying the load with power directly from the utility.
REDUNDANT PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE- RPA
- Where two or upto eight systems are to operate in parallel the system will operate in Redundant Parallel Architecture or RPA. The following principles are to be met in totality in order to achieve the highest levels of reliability.
- Two or more UPS systems to be linked in Peer to Peer configuration
Redundant communication link between individual units.
Redundant MICROPROCESSORS for no Common point of Failure.
Intelligent Energy Management (IEM) for power saving. Refer Section 12.4.
- In the event that the system is to operate as separate standalone units then disconnection of the RPA system should be possible without any changes in the existing architecture of the system.
INTELLIGENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT (IEM)
- The IEM software package should be an integral part of the RPA system which allows the RPA system to save energy during low load conditions. This is achieved by requesting / programming the UPS or its Inverter to transfer its load to the remaining UPS systems and go into a silent mode. This enables the entire heat dissipation of this system to be nullified. This Silent system however is On line electronically and will switch on as programmed in the event of a problem with the utility or any other system. All this done without disruption to the load.
- The IEM feature should ensure the following functions –
• Individual Inverters, which are not required to sustain the load can automatically be switched off to save energy.
• Depending on Load level, inverters are switched off Cyclically, so that every UPS has the same amount of operating hours over a period of time.
• During an inverter switch off due to low load the remaining selected inverters should sustain the load.
• Customer to define if the rectifiers to remain ON for battery charging or to be switched off for the UPS systems whose Inverters have been
OPERATING PANEL AND DISPLAY
- A backlit 4 x 20 alphanumeric character Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or similar display, controlled by push buttons/membrane keys shall be provided.
- The UPS system main control panel with LCD back-lit display shall include the following measurements indications:
• Rectifier: input voltage (Ph-Ph), input frequency, number of rectifier mains failure
• Battery: voltage, temperature, charge/discharge current in Amperes, remaining Autonomy time
• Inverter: output voltage, output frequency, inverter temperature, operating hours
• By-pass: input voltage (Ph-N), input frequency, number of by-pass mains failure
• Load: load level in % (each phase), load current/phase in A, Load power in KVA/kW
• UPS: serial number, software version, number of overload condition, operating hours
- The UPS system main control panel with LCD back-lit display shall include the following events indications with date and time:
• Rectifier: mains rectifier OK, rectifier ON/OFF.
• Battery: start battery test, end battery test, no conditions for battery test.
• Inverter: inverter cannot be switched ON/OFF, inverter ON/OFF.
• By-pass: mains by-pass OK, by-pass power insufficient, by-pass locked, by-pass free.
- Load: load-OFF, multiple load transfer, load on by-pass/inverter, no more overload Condition.
General: maintenance by-pass ON/OFF, inverter and mains synchronised/not Synchronised, input circuit breakers open/closed.
- On the system alarm panel, a common audible alarm and the respective indicating LED’s shall be initiated when any of the following conditions are present:
• Rectifier: mains out of tolerance; control logic failure,
• Battery:low voltage; high voltage; earth fault; contactor closing or opening failure; insufficient power.
• Inverter: fuse failure; contactor closing or opening failure; voltage out of
• tolerance; output power insufficient; overload.
• By-pass: mains out of tolerance; contactor closing or opening failure.
• Load: overload; load locked on inverter; load locked on by-pass.
• General: load off for overload; battery low and over-temperature conditions; inverter and mains not synchronised; UPS overload.
- The UPS, through the LCD, must be able to store up to 256 alarms or events with date and time.
- Mimic Panel - A mimic panel shall incorporating LED indicators depicting the complete single line diagram of the UPS system shall be silk-screened to display the following:
• A synoptic diagram of the UPS representing actual operational status with integrated LED’s and power flow indications.
• Emergency load shutdown (LOAD OFF) push button with protective cover.
• Signal SERVICE CHECK (LED) to indicate that maintenance is required.
• COMMON ALARM, visual signal (LED) and acoustic signal (internal buzzer).
• Signal STOP OPERATION (LED), visual and acoustic warning approximately 3 minutes (programmable) before complete automatic load disconnection (for example when the battery is at minimum voltage or inverter is over-temperature).
• LED indication for the remaining back-up time and load level.
• Command button keys for INVERTER ON and INVERTER OFF.
• Command button key for LED functionality test.
• Command button key (MUTE) to reset general alarms and buzzer
COMMUNICATION
- The UPS shall be equipped with a customer interface card, which will provide:
- 6 output dry contact available on terminal blocks (no/nc) and Delta connector
these contacts shall be programmable out of 24 different alarms or events directly from the keyboard mounted on the front panel of the UPS
- Input Connections for customer provided signals must be available for
”generator on” (reduces battery charging current during mains failures) and
”emergency power off” to shutdown UPS and load in the event of an emergency).
RS232 port for the following purposes:
• Serial communication for advanced remote monitoring communication via PC.
• Serial printer connection.
• Modem connection.
- Intelligent Energy Management - Energy management software shall be provided for programming of system operational parameters. The software shall allow the user to program the operating hours of each UPS in the system during low load conditions so that each UPS is operating at its optimum efficiency. i.e. if four (4) UPS are in parallel redundancy mode and the total load is less than 50% of the UPS capacity, the software will shut down two (2)
- Intelligent Energy Management - Energy management software shall be provided for programming of system operational parameters. The software shall allow the user to program the operating hours of each UPS in the system during low load conditions so that each UPS is operating at its optimum efficiency. i.e. if four (4) UPS are in parallel redundancy mode and the total load is less than 50% of the UPS capacity, the software will shut down two (2)