CAPÍTULO III. RESULTADOS
3.2. Resultado a nivel de dimensiones e indicadores
3.2.1. Comparativo a nivel de dimensiones
WB-2311 Material for Which Toughness Testing
Is Required
(a) Containment material and material welded thereto shall be toughness tested in accordance with the require-ments of this subarticle, except that the material listed in (1)through(7)below is not to be toughness tested as a requirement of this Subsection:
(1) material with a nominal section thickness of
3/16in. (5 mm) and less where the thicknesses shall be ta-ken as defined in(-a)through(-c)below:
(-a) for containments, use the nominal thickness of the shell or head, as applicable;
(-b) for items welded to containments, use the les-ser of the containment shell thickness to which the item is welded or the maximum radial thickness of the item ex-clusive of integral shell butt welding projections;
(-c) for flat heads or flanges, use the maximum shell thickness associated with the butt welding hub;
(2) bolting, including studs, nuts, and bolts, with a nominal size of 1 in. (25 mm) and less;
(3) bars with a nominal cross‐sectional area of 1 in.2 (650 mm2) and less;
(4) all thicknesses of material for fittings with an NPS 6 (DN 150) diameter and smaller;
(5) material for fittings with all pipe connections of
5/8in. (16 mm) nominal wall thickness and less;
(6) austenitic stainless steels, including precipitation hardened austenitic Grade 660 (UNS S66286);
(7) nonferrous material.
(b) Drop weight tests are not required for precipitation hardening steels listed in Section II, Part D, Subpart 1, Table 2A. The other requirements ofWB-2332apply for these steels. For nominal wall thicknesses greater than 21/2in. (64 mm), the required Charpy V‐notch values shall be 40 mils (1.02 mm) lateral expansion.
WB-2320 IMPACT TEST PROCEDURES WB-2321 Types of Tests
WB-2321.1 Drop Weight Tests. The drop weight test, when required, shall be performed in accordance with ASTM E208. Specimen types P‐1, P‐2, or P‐3 may be used.
The results, orientation, and location of all tests per-formed to meet the requirements ofWB-2330shall be re-ported in the Certified Material Test Report.
WB-2321.2 Charpy V-Notch Tests. The Charpy V‐notch test (Cv), when required, shall be performed in accordance with SA-370. Specimens shall be in accor-dance with SA-370, Figure 11, Type A. A test shall consist of a set of three full‐size 0.394 in. × 0.394 in. (10 mm
× 10 mm) specimens. The lateral expansion and absorbed energy, as applicable, and the test temperature, as well as the orientation and location of all tests performed to meet the requirements of WB-2330shall be reported in the Certified Material Test Report.
WB-2321.3 Fracture Toughness Tests. Fracture toughness tests, when required, shall be performed in ac-cordance with ASTM E399. The tests shall be performed at the lowest service temperature.9A test shall consist of two test specimens.
WB-2321.4 Dynamic Tear Test. The dynamic tear tests, when required, shall be performed in accordance with ASTM E604. The tests shall be performed at the low-est service temperature.9A test shall consist of two test specimens.
WB-2322 Test Specimens
WB-2322.1 Location of Test Specimens.
(a) Toughness test specimens for quenched and tem-pered material shall be removed from the locations in each product form specified inWB-2220for tensile test specimens. For material in other heat-treated conditions, toughness test specimens shall be removed from the loca-tions specified for tensile test specimens in the material specification. For all material, the number of tests shall be in accordance withWB-2340. For bolting, the Cv tough-ness test specimen shall be taken with the longitudinal axis of the specimen located at least one‐half radius or 1 in. (25 mm) below the surface plus the machining allow-ance per side, whichever is less. The fracture plane of the specimens shall be at least one diameter or thickness from the heat-treated end. When the studs, nuts, or bolts are not of sufficient length, the midlength of the specimen shall be at the midlength of the studs, nuts, or bolts. The studs, nuts, or bolts selected to provide test coupon mate-rial shall be identical with respect to the quenched con-tour and size except for length, which shall equal or exceed the length of the represented studs, nuts, or bolts.
(b) For fracture toughness requirements, toughness test specimens for ductile cast iron shall be taken from each containment casting or its excess length part. The lo-cation shall be the same as that for the tensile specimens.
WB-2322.2 Orientation of Toughness Test Speci-mens.
(a) Toughness test specimens shall be oriented as follows:
(1) Specimens for forgings, other than bolting and bars used for containments, shall be oriented in a direc-tion normal to the principal direcdirec-tion in which the mate-rial was worked. Specimens are neither required nor prohibited from the thickness direction.
(2) Specimens from material for pipe, tube, and fit-tings, except for those made from plate and casfit-tings, shall be oriented in the axial direction.
(3) Specimens from bolting material and bars shall be oriented in the axial direction.
(4) Specimens for all plate material, including that used for pipe, tube, and fittings, shall be oriented in a di-rection normal to the principal rolling didi-rection, other than thickness direction.
(5) Specimens for cast material shall have their axes oriented the same as the axes of the tensile specimens (WB-2226).
(6) The plane of the toughness test specimen notch shall be normal to the surface of the material. However, for ductile cast iron, the fracture toughness specimen
orientation shall be L-R, as identified in ASTM E399, Fig.
1 (Crack Plane Identifications for Cylindrical Bars and Tubes).
(b) Specimens for drop weight tests may have their axes oriented in any direction. The orientation used shall be reported in the Certified Material Test Report.
WB-2330 TEST REQUIREMENTS AND ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS10 WB-2331 Material for Containments
WB-2331.1 Test Requirements for Ferritic Steel Ma-terial for Containments. Ferritic steel maMa-terial for con-tainments, other than bolting, shall be tested in accordance with(a)and(b),(c), or(d)below. Considera-tion shall be given to the test temperature requirements of leak testing and hydrostatic testing of the containment (WB-6212).
(a) For material with a nominal section between3/16in.
(5 mm) and5/8in. (16 mm) thick, the dynamic tear test shall exhibit at least 80% shear fracture at the lowest ser-vice temperature. For material of5/8in. (16 mm) and more but not exceeding 12 in. (300 mm) thick, the reference temperature, R TN D T, shall be established as follows:
(1) Determine a temperature TN D T that is at or above the nil‐ductility transition temperature by drop weight tests.
(2) At a temperature not greater than TN D T+ 60°F ( TN D T + 3 3 ° C ) , e a c h s p e c i m e n o f t h e Cv t e s t (WB-2321.2) shall exhibit at least 35 mils (0.89 mm) lat-eral expansion and not less than 50 ft-lb (68 J) absorbed energy. Retesting in accordance withWB-2350is per-mitted. When these requirements are met, TN D Tis the re-ference temperature R TN D T.
(3) In the event that the requirements of(2)above are not met, conduct additional Cvtests in groups of three specimens (WB-2321.2) to determine the temperature Tc at which they are met. In this case the reference tempera-ture R TN D T= Tc− 60°F (RTN D T= Tc− 33°C). Thus, the of 50 ft-lb (68 J) and 35 mils (0.89 mm) lateral expansion, a temperature representing a minimum of 50 ft-lb (68 J) and 35 mils (0.89 mm) lateral expansion may be obtained from a full Cvimpact curve developed from the minimum data points of all the Cvtests performed.
(b) Apply the procedures of(a)above to(1),(2), and (3)below.
(1) the containment base materials,11
(2) the base material, the heat-affected zone, and weld metal from the weld procedure qualification tests in accordance withWB-4330;
(3) the weld metal ofWB-2431.
(c) For materials where fracture toughness values are determined in accordance withWB-2321.3the measured fracture toughness shall be reported in the Certified Ma-terial Test Report.
(d) Bars having a width or diameter of 2 in. (50 mm) and less which prohibit obtaining drop weight test speci-mens shall be tested in accordance withWB-2332.
WB-2331.2 Acceptance Standards for Ferritic Steel Material for Containments. Except as limited in WB-4330, the reference temperature R TN D T shall be the highest value of the individual R TN D T values deter-m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h W B - 2 3 3 1 . 1 ( a ) a n d WB-2331.1(b). If applicable, the containment base mate-rials shall be tested to determine the fracture toughness in accordance with WB-2321.3. The results shall meet the acceptance standards of either(a)or(b)below.
(a) For materials not exceeding 12 in. (305 mm), the re-ference temperature R TN D Tshall satisfy the value of A in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h T a b l e W B - 2 3 3 1 . 2 - 1 w h e r e A = L S T − R TN D T and L S T is the Lowest Service Temperature.
(b) For materials not exceeding 4 in. (100 mm), the rapid‐load fracture toughness of the base material shall satisfy the required value inTable WB-2331.2-2, and
(1) All full penetration fabrication weld joints are ul-trasonically examined in accordance withWB-5110and meet the ultrasonic acceptance standards ofWB-5330.
(-a) Rules for fracture toughness requirements based on fracture mechanics methodology are in preparation.
WB-2331.3 Test Requirements for Ductile Cast Iron for Containments. A rapid-load fracture toughness test shall be performed in accordance withWB-2321.3, except that ASTM E1820 shall be used. A test shall consist of at least four specimens. The test shall be performed at
−40°F (−40°C).
WB-2331.4 Acceptance Standards for Ductile Cast Iron for Containments. The rapid-load fracture tough-ness value shall satisfy the following inequality at−40°F (−40°C):
where
KI C , R = rapid-load fracture toughness, ksi-in.1/2 (MPa-m1/2)
σS D = standard deviation, ksi-in.1/2(MPa-m1/2) The average value and standard deviation shall be estab-l i s h e d a s s u m i n g W e i b u estab-l estab-l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e measurements.
WB-2332 Material for Piping, Excluding Bolting Material
(a) Containment boundary material, other than bolting, with nominal wall thickness 21/2in. (64 mm) and less for piping (pipe and tubes) and fittings with all pipe connec-tions of nominal wall thickness 21/2in. (64 mm) and less shall be tested as required in(1)and(2)below.
(1) Test three Cvspecimens at a temperature lower than or equal to the lowest service temperature. All three specimens shall meet the requirements of Table WB-2332(a)-1.
(2) Apply the procedures of(1)above to:
(-a) the base material;11
(-b) the base material, the heat-affected zone, and weld metal from the weld procedure qualification tests in accordance withWB-4330; and
(-c) the weld metal ofWB-2431.
(b) Containment material, other than bolting, with nominal wall thickness over 21/2in. (64 mm) for piping (pipe and tubes) and fittings with any pipe connections Table WB-2331.2-1
Required LST-RTN D TValues for Ferritic Steel Material for Containment Material
Nominal Wall Thickness, in. (mm)
A = LST‐RTN D T,
°F (°C)
5/8(16) 25 (14)
1 (25) 45 (25)
2 (50) 75 (42)
3 (75) 90 (50)
4 (100) 103 (57)
8 (200) 115 (64)
12 (300) 120 (67)
GENERAL NOTE: Linear interpolation is permissible.
Table WB-2331.2-2
Required Fracture Toughness Values for Ferritic Steel Material for Containments Having a Specified Yield Strength of 50 ksi
(350 000 kPa) or Less at 100°F (38°C)
Nominal Wall Thickness, in. (mm)
Rapid‐Load Fracture Toughness,
[Note (1)]
5/8(16) 50 (55)
1 (25) 64 (70)
2 (50) 94 (103)
3 (75) 113 (124)
4 (100) 130 (143)
GENERAL NOTE: Linear interpolation is permissible.
NOTE:
(1) Measured for test time equal to or less than 10 ms.
of nominal wall thickness greater than 21/2in. (64 mm) shall meet the requirements ofWB-2331. The lowest ser-vice temperature shall not be lower than R TN D T+ 100°F (R TN D T+ 56°C).
WB-2333 Bolting Material
For bolting material, including studs, nuts, and bolts, test three Cvspecimens at a temperature no higher than the preload temperature or the lowest service tempera-ture, whichever is less. All three specimens shall meet the requirements ofTable WB-2333-1.
WB-2340 NUMBER OF TOUGHNESS TESTS REQUIRED
WB-2341 Plates
One test shall be made from each plate as heat-treated.
Where plates are furnished in the nonheat‐treated condi-tion and qualified by heat-treated test specimens, one test shall be made for each plate as‐rolled. The term as‐rolled refers to the plate rolled from a slab or directly from an ingot, not to its heat-treated condition.
WB-2342 Forgings
(a) Where the weight of an individual forging is less than 1,000 lb (450 kg), one test shall be made to repre-sent each heat in each heat treatment lot.
(b) When heat treatment is performed in a continuous type furnace with suitable temperature controls and equipped with recording pyrometers so that complete
heat treatment records are available, a heat treatment charge shall be considered as the lesser of a continuous run not exceeding 8 hr duration or a total weight, so treat-ed, not exceeding 2,000 lb (900 kg).
(c) One test shall be made for each forging of 1,000 lb to 10,000 lb (450 kg to 4 500 kg) in weight.
(d) As an alternative to(c), a separate test forging may be used to represent forgings of different sizes in one heat and heat treat lot, provided the test piece is a representa-tion of the greatest thickness in the heat treat lot.
WB-2343 Bars
One test shall be made for each lot of bars with cross-sectional area greater than 1 in.2(650 mm2), where a lot is defined as one heat of material heat-treated in one charge or as one continuous operation, not to exceed 6,000 lb (2 700 kg).
WB-2344 Tubular Products and Fittings
On products which are seamless or welded without fil-ler metal, one test shall be made from each lot. On pro-ducts which are welded with filler metal, one additional test with the specimens taken from the weld area shall also be made on each lot. A lot shall be defined as stated in the applicable material specification, but in no case shall a lot consist of products from more than one heat of material and of more than one diameter, with the nom-inal thickness of any product included not exceeding that to be tested by more than1/4in. (6 mm); such a lot shall be in a single heat treatment load or in the same continuous run in a continuous furnace controlled within a 50°F (28°C) range and equipped with recording pyrometers.
WB-2345 Bolting Material
One test shall be made for each lot of material, where a lot is defined as one heat of material heat-treated in one charge or as one continuous operation, not to exceed in weight the following:
Diameter, in. (mm) Weight, lb (kg)
13/4(44) and less 1,500 (680)
Over 13/4to 21/2(44 to 64) 3,000 (1 350) Over 21/2to 5 (64 to 127) 6,000 (2 700)
Over 5 (127) 10,000 (4 500)
WB-2346 Test Definitions
U n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d i n W B - 2 3 4 1 t h r o u gh WB-2345, the term one test is defined to include the com-bination of the drop weight test and the Cvtest when R TN D T is required [WB-2331.1(a)and WB-2331.1(b)]
or only the Cvtest or the fracture toughness test when R TN D T i s n o t r e q u i r e d [W B - 2 3 3 1 . 1 ( c ) a n d WB-2331.1(d)].
Table WB-2332(a)-1 Required CvValues for Piping
Nominal Wall Thickness, in. (mm),[Note (1)]
Lateral Expansion,
mils (mm)
5/8(16) or less No test required
Over5/8to3/4(16 to 19) , incl. 20 (0.50) Over3/4to 11/2(19 to 38), incl. 25 (0.64) Over 11/2to 21/2(38 to 64), incl. 40 (1.0)
NOTE:
(1) For fittings, use the nominal pipe wall thickness of the connecting piping.
Table WB-2333-1
Required CvValues for Bolting Material
Nominal Diameter, in. (mm)
Lateral Expansion,
mils (mm)
Absorbed Energy, ft-lb (J) 1 (25) or less No test required No test required Over 1 to 4 (25 to 100), incl. 25 (0.64) No requirements
Over 4 (100) 25 (0.64) 45 (61)
ð15Þ
WB-2350 RETESTS
(a) For Cvtests required byWB-2330, one retest at the same temperature may be conducted provided the re-quirements of(1)through(3)below are met:
(1) the average value of the test results meets the minimum requirements;
(2) not more than one specimen per test is below the minimum requirements;
(3) the specimen not meeting the minimum require-ments is not lower than 10 ft-lb (14 J) or 5 mils (0.13 mm) below the specified requirements.
(b) A retest consists of two additional specimens taken as near as practicable to the failed specimens. For accep-tance of the retest, both specimens shall meet the mini-mum requirements.
WB-2360 CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
Calibration of temperature instruments and test ma-chines used in toughness testing shall be performed at the frequency given in(a)and(b)below.
(a) Temperature instruments used to control test tem-perature of specimens shall be calibrated and the results recorded to meet the requirements of NCA‐3858.2 at least once in each 3 month interval.
(b) Test machines shall be calibrated using the fre-quency and methods outlined in ASTM E23 and employ-ing standard specimens obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or any supplier of subcontracted calibration services accredited in accor-d a n c e w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f W A - 3 1 2 3 a n d NCA-3855.3(c).