3. EL ENFOQUE DE FORMACIÓN POR COMPETENCIAS
3.4 Competencias básicas y genéricas
3.4.2. Competencias básicas de la Educación Media
In this study, work-family balance was mainly approached from a conflict perspective.
The integration of work and family domains could produce beneficial outcomes; therefore, future research could consider the positive spill over between work and family roles. This study focused on extraversion, conscientiousness and neuroticism as personality variables from the Big Five. Future studies could focus on the other two personality variables-
agreeableness and openness to experience. Longitudinal studies would shed more light on the relationships between the variables included in the study and could aid in detecting
significant interaction effects more effectively (Ho et al., 2013). A larger sample size would also yield more statistical power.
6.7 Conclusion
There have been only a few studies that have investigated the impact of work-family conflict on working men and women in South Africa. Today, men and women struggle to maintain a balance between their job and family life. This often leads to these individuals experiencing work-family conflict. To increase the understanding of factors that may contribute to male and female experiences of work-family conflict, three of the Big Five personality variables, namely extraversion, conscientiousness and neuroticism, were considered. The moderating role of gender was also investigated. The Work-to-Family Conflict Questionnaire (Netemeyer et al., 1996) and the Basic Traits Inventory (BTI) (Taylor
& De Bruin, 2006) was used to gather information. These measuring instruments have a quantitative, cross-sectional design.
The results indicated that the levels of work-family conflict do not differ significantly between men and women. There was no difference in levels of extraversion between men and women. Women scored significantly higher on conscientiousness and neuroticism than men.
The study also confirmed that neuroticism significantly predicts work-family conflict. No support for the moderating role of gender in the relationship between the specific personality variables and work-family conflict was found.
The findings of the current study add to the limited research available on work-family conflict and gender, work-family conflict and personality, and gender and personality among South African working men and women. Practically, organisations should consider men or women who are low in levels of neuroticism in the selection and placement of employees.
Organisations should be aware of the fact that men also experience work-family conflict.
Supportive measures (e.g. flexible working hours) should therefore not be provided only to female employees, but to male employees as well. Both men and women should be aware of
the possible strain experienced by their spouse due to managing multiple roles and responsibilities and trying to maintain balance between work and family. Couples should negotiate time spent on family and home responsibilities in order to relieve some of the stress created by work-family conflict. This study contributes to the field of Industrial Psychology in that the increased experience of work-family conflict leads to a decrease in work-life balance, which is one of the key focus areas in Industrial Psychology.
Reference List:
Aiken, L. S. & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E. L., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 278–308.
Allport, G. W. (1945). The Psychology of participation. The Psychological Review, 53(3).
Allport, G. W. (1960). The open system in personality theory. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61(3), 301-310.
Anderson, E. A., & Leslie, L. A. (1991). Coping with employment and family stress:
Employment arrangement and gender differences. Sex Roles, 24, 223-231.
Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J., & Pallesen, S. (2010). The relationship between workaholism, basic needs satisfaction at work and personality. European Journal of Personality, 24, 3–17.
Aryee, S. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among married professional women: Evidence from Singapore. Human Relations, 45, 813–837.
Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P, & Conley. S. (1991). Work-home conflict among nurses and engineers: Mediating the impact of role stress on burnout and satisfaction at work.
Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 39-53.
Baltes, B. B., Zhdanova, L. S., & Clark, M. A. (2011). Examining the relationships between personality, coping strategies, and work-family conflict. Bus Psychol , 26, 517–530.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26.
Besen, Y., & Kimmel, M. K. (2006). At Sam’s Club, no girls allowed: The lived experience of sex discrimination. Equal Opportunities International, 25, 172–187.
Bible, D., & Hill, K. (2007). Discrimination: Women in business. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict, 11(1), 65–76.
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2004). The U.S. gender pay gap in the 1990s: Slowing convergence (Working paper No. 10853). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bolger, N., & Zuckerman, A. (1995). A framework for studying personality in the stress process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 890–902.
Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J. E. (1998). Study of the changing workplace. New York: Family and Work Institute.
Bosch, G. (1999). Working time: Tendencies and emerging issues. International Labour Review, 138, 131–150.
Bouchard Jr, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, Evolution, and Personality. Behavior Genetics, 31(3), 243-273.
Bowen, P., Cattell, K., & Distiller, G. (2008). South African quantity surveyors: Issues of gender and race in the workplace. Journal for the Physical and Development Sciences, 15 (1), 1-21.
Branco e Silva, L., & Laher, S. (2012). Exploring the utility of the Neo-PI-R in a sample of South African University students. Ife Psychology IA, 20(1), 19-43.
Bruck, C. S., & Allen, T. D. (2003). The relationship between big five personality traits, negative affectivity, type A behaviour, and work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior 63, 457-472.
Burress, J. H., & Zucca, L. J. (2004). The gender equity gap in top corporate executive positions. Mid-American Journal of Business, 19(1), 54–62.
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents.
Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 67, 169-198.
Calvo-Salguero, A., Martinez-de-Lecea, J. S., & Aguilar-Luzon, M. C. (2012). Gender and work–family conflict: Testing the rational model and the gender role expectations model in the Spanish cultural context. International Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 118-132.
Carlson, D. S. (1999). Personality and role variables as predictors of three forms of work family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, 236–253.
Caspi, A. (1998). Personality development across the life course. In W. Damon & N.
Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 311–388). New York, NY: Wiley.
Caspi, A., & Roberts, B. W. (2001). Personality development across the life course: The argument for change and continuity. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 49–66.
Chant, S. & Gutmann, M.C. (2000). Mainstreaming men into gender and development:
debates, reflections, and experiences. Oxford: Oxfam.
Charles, S.T., Reynolds, C.A., & Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 136–151.
Chow, E. N. (2003). Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century. International Sociology, 18(3), 443–460.
Cinamon, R. G., & Rich, Y. (2002). Gender differences in the importance of work and family roles: Implications for work–family conflict. Sex Roles, 47, 531–541.
Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed).
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Conradie, I. (2013). Can Deliberate Efforts to Realise Aspirations Increase Capabilities? A South African Case Study. Oxford Development Studies, 41(2), 189-219.
Cook, A., & Minnotte, K. L. (2008). Occupational and Industry Sex Segregation and the Work–Family Interface. Sex Roles, 59, 800–813.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1991). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five factor inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional Manual. Odessa, FL:
Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001).Gender differences in personality across cultures: Robust and surprising results. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322–331.
Daniels, J. (2010). Women learners and their virtual handbags: Invisible experiences and everyday contexts in vocational education. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 29(1), 77-91.
De Haan, A. D., Dekovic, M., & Prinzie, P. (2012). Longitudinal Impact of Parental and Adolescent Personality on Parenting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(1), 189–199.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: emergence of the 5-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–40.
Donald, F. & Lingington, J. (2008). Work family border theory and gender role orientation in male managers. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(4), 659-671.
Dugan, A. G., Matthews, R. A., & Barnes-Farrell, J. L. (2012). Understanding the roles of subjective and objective aspects of time in the work-family interface. Community, Work & Family, 15(2), 149-172.
Duxbury, L. E., & Higgins, C. A. (1991). Gender differences in work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(1), 60-74.
Duxbury, L. E., Higgins, C. A., & Mills, S. (1992). After-hours telecommuting and work family conflict: A comparative analysis. Information Systems Research, 3, 173–190.
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Eysenck, M. W., & Eysenck, H. J. (1980). Mischel and the concept of personality. British Journal of Psychology, 71, 191-204.
Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 429–456.
Franks, K., Schurink, W., & Fourie, L. (2006). Exploring the social construction of life roles of career-oriented women. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32(1), 17-24.
Fransen, E., Plantenga, J., & Vlasblom, J. D. (2012). Why do women still earn less than men?
Decomposing the Dutch gender pay gap. Applied Economics, 44(33), 4343-4354.
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work–
family conflict: Testing a model of the work–family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65–75.
Frone, M., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. (1997). Relation of work–family conflict to health outcomes: A four – year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 325–335.
Furnham, A., & Bramwell, M. (2006). Personality Factors Predict Absenteeism in the Workplace. Individual Differences Research, 4(2), 68-77.
George, L. G., Helson, R., & John, O. P. (2011). The “CEO” of Women’s Work Lives: How Big Five Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Openness Predict 50 Years of Work Experiences in a Changing Sociocultural Context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, (4), 812–830. DOI: 10.1037/a0024290.
Gilbert, L. A. (1993). Two careers one family. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gilbert, L. A., Hallett, M., & Eldridge, N. S. (1994). Gender and dual career families:
Implications for the career counselling of women. In W. B. Walsh & S. H. Osipow (Eds.), Career counseling for women (pp. 135-164). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gilbert, G. L. & Walker, H. T. (2001). Motivation of Australian white-collar construction employees: a gender issue? Engineering, Construction and Architectural
Management, 8(1), 59-66.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles.
Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88.
Grumm, M., & Von Collani, G. (2009). Personality types and self-reported aggressiveness.
Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 845–850.
Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
Hall, D., & Hall, F. (1980). Stress and the two-career couple. In C. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds.), Current concerns in occupational stress (pp. 243-266). New York: Wiley.
Haywood, S. (2005). Women leading. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave.
Hendriks, A. A. J., Hofstee, W. K. B., & De Raad, B. (1999a). The Five Factor Personality Inventory. Lisse, the Netherlands: Swets.
Hendriks, A. A. J., Hofstee, W. K. B., & De Raad, B. (1999b). The Five-Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI). Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 307–325.
Herman, J. B., & Gyllstrom, K. K. (1977). Working men and women: Inter- and intra-role conflict. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1, 319-333.
Ho, M. Y., Chen, X., Cheung, F. M., Liu, H., & Worthington, Jr. E. L. (2013). A Dyadic Model of the Work-Family Interface: A Study of Dual-Earner Couples in China.
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(1), 53-63.
Hofstee, W. K. B. (1994). Who should own the definition of personality? European Journal of Personality, 8, 149-162.
Hymowitz, C. (2005). Women Internalize Stereotypes of Themselves as Weaker Leaders.
Retrieved from http://www.careerjournal.com
Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Wright, S. L., & Hudiburgh, L. M. (2012). The relationships among attachment style, personality traits, interpersonal competency, and Facebook use. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33, 294–301.
John, O. P. & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: history, measurement and theoretical perspectives, in L. A. Pervin and O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of
Personality: Theory and Research (pp. 102–38). New York: Guilford Press.
Jones, A. P., & Butler, M. C. (1980). A role transition approach to the stresses of
organizationally-induced family role disruption. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 367-376.
Joseph, E. N., Luyten, P., Corveleyn, J., & De Witte, H. (2011). The Relationship Between Personality, Burnout, and Engagement Among the Indian Clergy. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 21, 276-288.
Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530–541.
Judge, T. A., & Higgins, C. A. (1999). The Big Five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the lifespan. Personal Psychology, 52, 621–653.
Judge, T. A., & Ilies, R. (2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 797–807.
Kajifusa, H. (1998). Towards mainstreaming gender issues in development institutions: the possibilities and limitations of men’s involvement in WID/GAD. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex.
Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2001). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications and Issues (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Kelly, R., & Voydanoff, P. (1985). Work/ family role strain among employed parents. Family Relations, 34, 367-374.
Kerpelman, J. L., & Schvaneveldt, P. L. (1999). Young adults' anticipated identity
importance of career, marital, and parental roles: Comparisons of men and women with different role balance orientation. Sex Roles, 42, 189-217.
King, E. B. (2006). Report from SIOP: Current industrial/organizational psychology
perspectives of women in organizations. Equal Opportunities International, 25, 215–
218.
Kinnunen, U, & Mauno, S. (1998). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. Human Relations, 52, 157-177.
Kling, K. C, Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 470-500.
Kokkinos, C.M. (2007). Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers.
British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 229-243.
Kopelman, R., Greenhaus, J., & Connolly, T. (1983). A model of work, family and interrole conflict: A construct validation study. Organizational Behavior and Human
Performance, 38, 198-215.
Lippa, R. A. (2010). Sex differences in personality traits and gender-related occupational preferences across 53 nations: Testing evolutionary and social-environmental theories. Arch Sex Behav, 39, 619-636.
Lynn, R., & Martin, T. (1997). Gender differences in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism in 37 countries. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 369-373.
Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press.
MacDermid, S. M., & Harvey, A. (2006). The work–family conflict construct:
Methodological implications. In M. Pitt-Catsouphes, E. E. Kossek, & S. Sweet (Eds.), The work and family handbook: Multi-disciplinary perspectives and approaches (pp.
567–586). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
MacDonald, I. (2004). Women in management: A historical perspective. Employee Relations, 26(3), 307–319.
Magee, C. A., Stefanic, N., Caputi, P., & Iverson, D. C. (2012). The Association Between Job Demands/Control and Health in Employed Parents: The Mediating Role of Work-to-Family Interference and Enhancement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17, 2, 196–205.
Matthews, G., & Deary, I. J. (1998). Personality traits. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., & Ruokolainen, M. (2006). Exploring work and organisation based resources as moderators between work-family conflict, well-being and job attitudes. Work and Stress, 20(3), 210-233.
Mazerolle, S. M., Bruening, J. E., & Casa, D. J. (2008). Work-Family Conflict, Part I:
Antecedents of Work-Family Conflict in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I A Certified Athletic Trainers. Jüitrmil of Athletic Training, 43(5), 505.
McAdams, D. P. (1995). What do we know when we know a person? Journal of Personality, 63(3), 363-395.
McAdams, D. P. (1996). Alternative futures for the study of human individuality. Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 374-388.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1990). Personality in adulthood. New York, NY, USA: The Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1991). Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The full five-factor model and wellbeing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 227–232.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1999). A five-factor theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin
& O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp.
139–153). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175–215.
McElwain, A., Korabik, K., & Rosin, H. (2005). An examination of gender differences in work family conflict. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 37, 283–298.
Michailidis, M. P., Morphitou, R. N., & Theophylatou, I. (2012). Women at work equality versus inequality: barriers for advancing in the workplace. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(20), 4231-4245.
Michelson, W. (1983). The logistics of maternal employment: Implications for women and their families [Child in the City Report No. 18]. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto, Centre for Urban and Community Studies.
Michel, J. S., & Clark, M. A. (2009). Has it been affected all along? A test of work-to family and family-to-work models of conflict, enrichment, and satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 163–168.
Mostert, K. (2008). Time-based and strain-based work-family conflict in the South African police service: Examining the relationship with work characteristics and exhaustion.
Acta Criminologica, 21(3), 1-18.
Neal, A., Yeo, G., Koy, A., & Xiao, T. (2012). Predicting the form and direction of work role performance from the Big 5 model of personality traits. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 175-192.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 81, 400–410.
Ngo, H., Foley, S., Wong, A., & Loi, R. (2003). Who gets more of the pie? Predictors of perceived gender inequity at work. Journal of Business Ethics, 45, 227–241.
Noble, C., & Moore, S. (2006). Advancing women and leadership in this post feminist, post EEO era. Women in Management Review, 21, 598–603.
Novack, L. L., & Novack, D. R. (1996). Being female in the eighties and nineties: Conflicts between new opportunities and traditional expectations among White, middle class, heterosexual college women. Sex Roles, 35, 57-77.
Oh, I., Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., & de Vries, R. E. (2011). Are Dishonest Extraverts More Harmful than Dishonest Introverts? The Interaction Effects of Honesty-Humility and Extraversion in Predicting Workplace Deviance. Applied psychology: An
International Review, 60 (3), 496–516.
O’Neil, D. A., Hopkins, M. M., & Bilimoria. D. (2008). Womens Careers at the Start of the 21st Century: Patterns and Paradoxes. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 727–743.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C. & Schmidt, F. L. (2003) Personality and absenteeism: a meta-analysis of integrity tests. European Journal of Personality, 17, 19–38.
Parasuraman, S., & Simmers, C. (2001). Type of Employment, Work–Family Conflict and Well-Being: A Comparative Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(5), 551–
568.
Pervin, L. A. (1996). The science of personality. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Piotrkowski, C. S., Rapoport, R. N, & Rapoport, R. (1987). Families and work. In M.
Sussman & S. Steinmetz (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 251-283).
New York: Plenum Press.
Pleck, J. H. (1977). The work family role system. Social Problems, 24, 411-421.
Pleck, J. (1979). Work-family conflict: A national assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, Boston.
Pleck, J. (1985). Working wives/working husbands. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Probert, B. (2005). “I just couldn’t fit it in”: Gender and unequal outcomes in academic careers. Gender, Work and Organization, 12(1), 50–72.
Reinardy, S. (2007). Satisfaction vs. sacrifice: Sports editors assess the influences of life issues on job satisfaction. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 84(1), 105-121.
Repetti, R. (1988). Family and occupational roles and women's mental health. In R. Schwartz (Eds.), Women at work (pp. 97-129). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Center for the Study of Women.
Rhode, D. (2003). The Difference “Difference” Makes: Women and Leadership, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffit, T. E. (2003). Work experiences and personality
development in young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 582–593.
Roberts, B. W., Harms, P. D., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2007). Can we predict the counterproductive employee? Evidence from a child-to-adult prospective study.
Evidence from a 23-year longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1427-1436.
Roberts, B., Jackson, J. J., Duckworth, A. L., & Von Culin, K. (2011). Personality
Measurement and Assessment in Large Panel Surveys. Forum for Health Economics
& Policy, 14 (3), 1-32.
Roberts, B. W., & Wood, D. (2006). Personality development in the context of the Neo-Socioanalytic Model of personality. In D. Mroczek & T. Little (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Development (pp. 11-39). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrance Erlbaum Associates.
Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or Depleting? The Dynamics of Engagement in Work and Family Roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655–684.
Sarra, J. (2005). Class act: Considering race and gender in the corporate boardroom. St.
John’s Law Review, 79, 1121–1160.
Scherwitz, L., Perkins, L., Chesney, M., & Hughes, G. (1991). Cook- Medley Hostility Scale and subsets: Relationship to demographic and psychosocial characteristics in young adults in the CARDIA study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 36-49.
Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M. & Allik, J. (2008). Why can’t a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 168–82.
Schneider, K. T., Swan, S., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1997). Job-related and psychological effects of sexual harassment in the workplace: empirical evidence from two organizations.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 401-415.
Schwartzberg, N. S., & Dytell. R. S. (1996). Dual-earner families: The importance of work stress and family stress for psychological well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 211-223.
Scott, J., & Nolan, J. (2007). New technology and gendered divisions of labour: Problems and prospects for equality in the public and private spheres. Equal Opportunities International, 26, 89–95.
Silberschmidt, M. (1999). Women forget that men are the masters’: gender, antagonism and socioeconomic change in Kisii District, Kenya. Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute.
Simunic, A., & Gregov, L. (2012). Conflict between work and family roles and satisfaction among nurses in different shift systems in Croatia: A questionnaire survey. Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 63(2), 189-197.
Slavin-Mulford, J., Sinclair, S. J., Malone, J., Stein, M., Bello, I., & Blais, M. A. (2013).
External Correlates of the Personality Assessment Inventory Higher Order Structures.
Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(4), 432-434.
Spade, J. Z., & Reese, C. A. (1991). We've come a long way, maybe: College students' plans for work and family. Sex Roles, 24, 309-321.
Spector, P., Miller, K., Poelmans, P., Cooper, C., Berwier, P., Hart, P., et al. (2005). An international comparative study of work–family stress and occupational strain. In S.
Poelmans (Eds.), Work and family: An international research perspective (pp. 71–84).
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Stelmack, R.M. (2004). On the psychobiology of personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman. Ottawa, Canada: Elsevier.
Stevens, D., Kiger, G., & Riley, P. (2002). Coming unglued? Workplace characteristics, work
Stevens, D., Kiger, G., & Riley, P. (2002). Coming unglued? Workplace characteristics, work