CAPITULO IV. LA FORMACIÓN DOCENTE
4.1.4 Competencias y formación
The authors have no conflicts of interest concerning the work reported in this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Dr Shannon D. Putnam for statistical analysis, Antonius Pradana for technical assistance, and Rudi Hendro Putranto and Eny Muchlas Trianingsih for data collection. We are grateful for the laboratory help provided by Erlin Listiyaningsih, Gustiani, Chairin N. Ma’roef and Sherley Y. Tobing as well as the administrators, nurses and staff at the collaborating hospitals, including: Sumber Waras and Cengkareng from West Jakarta, Infectious Disease Sulianti Saroso and Kodja from North Jakarta, Tarakan and St Carolus from Central Jakarta, Fatmawati and Tebet from South Jakarta, and Budi Asih and Persahabatan from East Jakarta. This investigation was funded jointly by the government of Indonesia in awards to the Director General of Communal Disease Control and Environmental Health (DG-CDC-EH), the NIHRD and by the U.S. Department of Defense’s Global Emerging Infection System (GEIS). Views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Indonesian NIHRD and DG-CDC-EH or the U.S. Department of Defense or Department of the Navy.
Four dengue virus serotypes found circulating during an outbreak of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Jakarta, Indonesia, during 2004
65
3
References
1. Gubler DJ (1998) Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 480- 496.
2. Halstead SB (1992) The XXth century dengue pandemic: need for surveillance and research. World Health Stat Q 45: 292-298.
3. Halstead SB, Nimmannitya S, Yamarat C, Russell PK (1967) Hemorrhagic fever in Thailand; recent knowledge regarding etiology. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 20 Suppl: 96-103. 4. Nathin MA, Harun SR, Sumarmo (1988) Dengue haemorrhagic fever and Japanese
B encephalitis in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 19: 475-481. 5. Graham RR, Juffrie M, Tan R, Hayes CG, Laksono I, et al. (1999) A prospective
seroepidemiologic study on dengue in children four to nine years of age in Yogyakarta, Indonesia I. studies in 1995-1996. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 412-419. 6. Gubler DJ, Suharyono W, Lubis I, Eram S, Sulianti Saroso J (1979) Epidemic dengue
hemorrhagic fever in rural Indonesia. I. Virological and epidemiological studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28: 701-710.
7. Sukri NC, Laras K, Wandra T, Didi S, Larasati RP, et al. (2003) Transmission of epidemic dengue hemorrhagic fever in easternmost Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 529- 535.
8. Sumarmo (1987) Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 18: 269-274.
9. Corwin AL, Larasati RP, Bangs MJ, Wuryadi S, Arjoso S, et al. (2001) Epidemic dengue transmission in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 257-265. 10. Ahmad A (2004) Dengue death toll rises in Indonesia. Lancet 363: 956.
11. Clarke DH, Casals J (1958) Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination- inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7: 561-573.
12. WHO (1999) Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Comprehensive Guidelines World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, WHO Regional Publication SEARO No. 29.
13. Porter KR, Widjaja S, Lohita HD, Hadiwijaya SH, Maroef CN, et al. (1999) Evaluation of a commercially available immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for diagnosing acute dengue infections. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6: 741-744. 14. Lanciotti RS, Calisher CH, Gubler DJ, Chang GJ, Vorndam AV (1992) Rapid detection
and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase/ polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 30: 545-551.
15. Halstead SB (1988) Pathogenesis of dengue: challenges to molecular biology. Science 239: 476-481.
16. Waterman SH, Gubler DJ (1989) Dengue fever. Clin Dermatol 7: 117-122.
17. Rothman AL, Ennis FA (1999) Immunopathogenesis of Dengue hemorrhagic fever. Virology 257: 1-6.
18. Nimmannitya S (1987) Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 18: 291-294.
19. Pinheiro FP, Corber SJ (1997) Global situation of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever, and its emergence in the Americas. World Health Stat Q 50: 161-169.
20. Rahman M, Rahman K, Siddque AK, Shoma S, Kamal AH, et al. (2002) First outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 738-740.
21. Shah I, Deshpande GC, Tardeja PN (2004) Outbreak of dengue in Mumbai and predictive markers for dengue shock syndrome. J Trop Pediatr 50: 301-305.
22. Burke DS, Nisalak A, Johnson DE, Scott RM (1988) A prospective study of dengue infections in Bangkok. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 172-180.
23. Sangkawibha N, Rojanasuphot S, Ahandrik S, Viriyapongse S, Jatanasen S, et al. (1984) Risk factors in dengue shock syndrome: a prospective epidemiologic study in Rayong, Thailand. I. The 1980 outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 120: 653-669.
24. Porter KR, Beckett CG, Kosasih H, Tan RI, Alisjahbana B, et al. (2005) Epidemiology of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in a cohort of adults living in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 60-66.
25. Thu HM, Lowry K, Myint TT, Shwe TN, Han AM, et al. (2004) Myanmar dengue outbreak associated with displacement of serotypes 2, 3, and 4 by dengue 1. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 593-597.
26. Rico-Hesse R, Harrison LM, Salas RA, Tovar D, Nisalak A, et al. (1997) Origins of dengue type 2 viruses associated with increased pathogenicity in the Americas. Virology 230: 244-251.
27. Twiddy SS, Holmes EC, Rambaut A (2003) Inferring the rate and time-scale of dengue virus volution. Mol Biol Evol. 20: 122-129.
28. Gubler DJ, Suharyono W, Lubis I, Eram S, Gunarso S (1981) Epidemic dengue 3 in central Java, associated with low viremia in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 1094-1099. 29. Braga EL, Moura P, Pinto LM, Ignacio SR, Oliveira MJ, et al. (2001) Detection of circulant
tumor necrosis factor-alpha, soluble tumor necrosis factor p75 and interferon- gamma in Brazilian patients with dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96: 229-232.
30. Endy TP, Nisalak A, Chunsuttiwat S, Libraty DH, Green S, et al. (2002) Spatial and temporal circulation of dengue virus serotypes: a prospective study of primary school children in Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand. Am J Epidemiol 156: 52-59.
Four dengue virus serotypes found circulating during an outbreak of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Jakarta, Indonesia, during 2004
67